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Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (24)

  • What does Anatomy study?
    Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
  • What does Physiology concern?
    Physiology concerns the function of the body, explaining how body parts work and carry out life-sustaining activities.
  • Name the levels of structural organization in the body.
    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, and Organismal levels.
  • Give examples of tissues in the body.
    Examples include blood, muscle, and nerves.
  • What is the chemical level of structural organization?
    The chemical level includes atoms and molecules essential for life.
  • What is the cellular level of structural organization?
    The cellular level consists of cells, the smallest living units in the body.
  • What is the organ level of structural organization?
    The organ level consists of structures made of two or more tissue types performing specific functions.
  • What is the organismal level of structural organization?
    The organismal level is the highest level, representing the whole living individual.
  • What is the importance of maintaining boundaries in life functions?
    Maintaining boundaries separates internal from external environments, such as plasma membranes for cells and skin for the organism.
  • How does the body achieve movement as a necessary life function?
    Movement occurs via the muscular system: skeletal muscles move body parts, cardiac muscle moves blood, and smooth muscle moves substances through organs.
  • What is responsiveness in the context of life functions?
    Responsiveness is the ability to sense and respond to stimuli, like withdrawal reflexes and adjusting breathing rate.
  • Define digestion as a necessary life function.
    Digestion is the breakdown of ingested food and absorption of simple molecules into the blood.
  • What does metabolism include?
    Metabolism includes all chemical reactions in body cells, combining catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (synthesis).
  • What is excretion in life functions?
    Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes like urea, carbon dioxide, and feces.
  • Describe reproduction at the cellular and organismal levels.
    Cellular reproduction is cell division for growth or repair; organismal reproduction is producing offspring.
  • What is growth in terms of life functions?
    Growth is the increase in size of a body part or the entire organism.
  • Why are organ systems important for multicellular organisms?
    Organ systems keep individual cells alive by meeting their survival needs.
  • Name the 11 human organ systems.
    Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive systems.
  • What is the function of the integumentary system?
    It forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses receptors and glands.
  • What is homeostasis?
    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
  • What is a homeostatic imbalance?
    A homeostatic imbalance is a disturbance in homeostasis that can lead to disease or dysfunction.
  • What are the three components of homeostatic control mechanisms?
    Receptor (detects change), Control center (processes info), and Effector (responds to change).
  • How does negative feedback work?
    Negative feedback reduces or shuts off the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis, like a thermostat.
  • Give examples of positive feedback in the body.
    Examples include blood clotting, labor contractions, and orgasm, where the response enhances the original stimulus.