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Lymphatic and Immune Book Questions

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Terms in this set (33)

  • Which cell is phagocytic?

    Macrophage is a phagocytic cell that engulfs pathogens and debris.

  • Which structure allows lymph from the lower right limb to enter the bloodstream?

    The thoracic duct transports lymph from the lower right limb into the bloodstream.

  • Which cell is important in the innate immune response?

    Macrophages play a key role in the innate immune response by engulfing pathogens.

  • Which cell is most active in early antiviral immune responses on first exposure?

    Natural killer cells are most active in early antiviral responses during initial pathogen exposure.

  • Which lymphoid nodule is most likely to encounter food antigens first?

    Peyer’s patches in the intestines are the first to encounter food antigens.

  • Which sign is NOT characteristic of inflammation?

    Cold is not a typical sign of inflammation; common signs include redness and heat.

  • What is enhanced phagocytosis by binding of a specific protein called?

    Opsonization enhances phagocytosis by coating pathogens with proteins.

  • What causes the redness in inflammation?

    Increased blood flow to the affected area causes redness during inflammation.

  • What are T cells that secrete cytokines to help antibody responses called?

    Th2 cells secrete cytokines that assist antibody production.

  • What is the process of taking in and digesting antigen for presentation?

    Antigen processing involves digesting antigens to present them to immune cells.

  • Why is clonal expansion important?

    It increases the number of specific immune cells to fight pathogens effectively.

  • What is the elimination of self-reactive thymocytes called?

    Negative selection removes thymocytes that react against self-antigens.

  • Which T cell type is most effective against viruses?

    Cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells directly.

  • What is removing functionality from a B cell without killing it called?

    Clonal anergy renders B cells nonfunctional without destroying them.

  • Which antibody class crosses the placenta?

    IgG antibodies cross the placenta to provide fetal immunity.

  • Which antibody class functions only as an antigen receptor?

    IgD has no known function other than as a B cell antigen receptor.

  • When does antibody class switching occur?

    Class switching occurs during the primary immune response.

  • Which antibody class is found in mucus?

    IgA is the main antibody found in mucosal secretions.

  • Which enzymes in macrophages help clear intracellular bacteria?

    Lysosomal enzymes digest intracellular bacteria inside macrophages.

  • What chronic lung disease is caused by Mycobacterium?

    Tuberculosis is a chronic lung disease caused by Mycobacterium infection.

  • Which immune response is most effective against bacteria?

    The complement system is most directly effective against bacterial infections.

  • Why must influenza vaccines be updated yearly?

    Because of viral mutation, new vaccines are needed annually.

  • Which immune response works with cytotoxic T cells against viral infections?

    Natural killer cells assist cytotoxic T cells in fighting virally infected cells.

  • Which hypersensitivity involves soluble antigen-antibody complexes?

    Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complexes in tissues.

  • What causes the delay in delayed hypersensitivity?

    The delay is due to recruitment of immune cells to the site of antigen exposure.

  • What is a critical feature of immediate hypersensitivity?

    Histamine release causes symptoms in immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

  • Which autoimmune disease affects the heart?

    Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease targeting heart tissue.

  • What drug counteracts anaphylactic shock?

    Epinephrine is used to treat anaphylactic shock.

  • What does the term 'polygeny' mean?

    Polygeny means a trait is controlled by many genes.

  • Why do we have natural antibodies?

    Natural antibodies provide immunity to environmental bacteria without prior exposure.

  • Which cancer is associated with HIV disease?

    Kaposi’s sarcoma is linked to HIV infection.

  • How does cyclosporine A work?

    It suppresses T cells to reduce immune responses.

  • What disease is associated with bone marrow transplants?

    Graft-versus-host disease can occur after bone marrow transplantation.