BackMetabolism and Nutrient Processing in Anatomy & Physiology
Terms in this set (30)
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism, including catabolic and anabolic reactions.
Anabolism synthesizes organic compounds; catabolism breaks down organic compounds.
An accessible reserve of organic compounds used for metabolic turnover or energy production.
Glucose is the primary fuel source absorbed and catabolized by most tissues.
NAD and FAD are coenzymes that accept hydrogen ions during oxidation, forming NADH and FADH2 for ATP production.
In the mouth, where salivary amylase breaks down complex carbohydrates into disaccharides and oligosaccharides.
It is denatured by the acidic environment (pH below 4.5), stopping carbohydrate digestion.
Breaks down remaining complex carbohydrates into disaccharides and oligosaccharides in the duodenum.
They digest disaccharides into monosaccharides: maltose to glucose, sucrose to glucose and fructose, lactose to glucose and galactose.
The conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for short-term storage in liver and muscle cells.
The breakdown of glycogen to release glucose into the blood when glucose levels are low.
The synthesis of glucose from smaller carbon chains derived from fats or proteins, usually after glycogen depletion.
An anaerobic process in the cytoplasm that oxidizes glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
It enters the mitochondria to be converted into acetyl CoA and used in the citric acid cycle.
8 NADH, 6 CO2, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP are produced from two acetyl CoA molecules.
Transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 through cytochromes to oxygen, producing 32 ATP and 6 H2O molecules.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP + heat
Insulin lowers blood sugar by stimulating glycogenesis and glucose catabolism; glucagon raises blood sugar by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Emulsified by bile, broken down by pancreatic lipase into fatty acids and monoglycerides, absorbed by brush border cells, reassembled into chylomicrons, and transported via lymph.
An enzymatic process in mitochondria that breaks fatty acids into acetyl CoA units, producing ATP efficiently.
Fatty acids with double bonds before carbon #9 that the body cannot synthesize, e.g., Omega-3 and Omega-6.
Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by stomach acid, breaking proteins into smaller peptides.
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase break peptides into smaller peptides and amino acids in the small intestine.
Deamination removes amino groups, producing ammonium ions converted to urea in the liver for safe excretion.
The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person.
Include sweating, vasodilation, radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation, and behavioral changes.
Include vasoconstriction, increased metabolic rate, shivering, behavioral changes, and enhanced thyroxine release.
Acts as the body's thermostat, integrating signals from thermoreceptors and initiating heat loss or production responses.
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are absorbed with lipids and are essential for epithelial maintenance, bone growth, antioxidant functions, and blood clotting.
B vitamins and vitamin C act mainly as coenzymes in metabolism and must be regularly consumed as they are not stored extensively.