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Muscles of Head, Neck, and Trunk - Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (22)

  • What are the two main divisions of skeletal muscles in the human body?
    Axial muscles and appendicular muscles.
  • Define the origin and insertion of a muscle.
    Origin is the attachment on the relatively immovable bone (usually proximal), and insertion is the attachment on the movable bone (usually distal).
  • What happens during muscle contraction in terms of origin and insertion?
    The muscle contracts and pulls the insertion toward the origin, causing movement.
  • Name the four functional groups of muscles based on their role in movement.
    Prime mover (agonist), antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
  • What is the role of a prime mover (agonist) muscle?
    It provides the major force for producing a specific movement.
  • What is the function of an antagonist muscle?
    It opposes or reverses a movement.
  • Describe the role of a synergist muscle.
    It aids the prime mover by producing the same movement or stabilizing joints to prevent undesirable movements.
  • What is a fixator muscle?
    A synergist that immobilizes a bone or a muscle's origin to provide stability during movement.
  • Define flexion and extension in terms of joint movement.
    Flexion decreases the angle of a joint, bringing bones closer; extension increases the angle between bones.
  • What is dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot?
    Dorsiflexion moves the foot so the superior surface approaches the shin; plantar flexion points the toes downward.
  • Explain abduction and adduction.
    Abduction moves a limb away from the midline; adduction moves it toward the midline.
  • What is circumduction?
    Movement of a limb so it forms a cone in space, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
  • Describe supination and pronation of the forearm.
    Supination turns the palm anteriorly or superiorly; pronation turns the palm posteriorly or inferiorly.
  • What are the fascicle arrangements in muscles?
    Circular, convergent, parallel (strap-like or fusiform), and pennate (unipennate, bipennate, multipennate).
  • Give an example of a muscle with circular fascicle arrangement.
    Orbicularis oris, which acts as a sphincter around the mouth.
  • How are muscles named by the number of origins?
    Using prefixes like bi- (two), tri- (three), or quadri- (four), e.g., biceps brachii has two heads.
  • What does the term 'rectus' indicate about muscle fiber direction?
    Muscle fibers run parallel to the body's midline.
  • Name three muscles of the head and neck involved in facial expression or mastication.
    Temporalis, masseter, and orbicularis oris.
  • Which muscle is responsible for head rotation and flexion in the neck?
    Sternocleidomastoid.
  • List the main muscles of the anterior abdominal wall.
    Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis.
  • Name three muscles of the posterior trunk involved in shoulder and arm movement.
    Trapezius, deltoid, and latissimus dorsi.
  • What are the rotator cuff muscles shown in the posterior shoulder?
    Infraspinatus, teres minor, supraspinatus, and subscapularis (not shown but part of the group).