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Set #6 Pelvis, Legs, and Lower Limbs Anatomy

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  • Metacarpals (Numbered I – V)
    The 5 bones forming the palm of the hand, numbered starting with the thumb as Metacarpal I.
  • Phalanges (Hand & Foot)
    Bones forming the fingers or toes. Fingers/toes II-V have 3 phalanges; the thumb/big toe has 2.
  • Proximal / Middle / Distal phalanges
    Proximal: closest to palm/sole. Middle: middle bone (absent in thumb/big toe). Distal: tips of fingers/toes.
  • Pelvic girdle / Coxal bone
    Hip bone formed by fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis. Must differentiate right vs. left side.
  • Acetabular fossa
    Deep cup-like depression on lateral coxal bone surface where all three regions fuse; receives the femur head.
  • Obturator foramen
    Large closed opening formed by ischium and pubis bones allowing passage of blood vessels and nerves.
  • Ilium
    Largest, superior, flared wing-like section of the coxal bone.
  • Iliac fossa
    Smooth, shallow internal concave surface of the flared ilium wing.
  • Iliac crest
    Thickened superior border ridge of the ilium; palpable as the 'hip bone' when hands rest on hips.
  • Anterior superior & Anterior inferior iliac spines
    ASIS: bony projection at front tip of iliac crest. AIIS: bony bump directly below ASIS.
  • Posterior superior & Posterior inferior iliac spines
    PSIS: bony projection at back tip of iliac crest. PIIS: bony bump directly below PSIS.
  • Auricular surface (of Ilium)
    Rough ear-shaped internal patch on ilium that joins with sacrum to form sacroiliac joint.
  • Greater sciatic notch
    Large, deep J-shaped indentation on posterior border of ilium below the PIIS.
  • Ischium
    Inferior, posterior region of the coxal bone, known as the 'sit bone.'
  • Ischial tuberosity
    Rough, thickened loop of bone on lowest ischium curve; bears weight when sitting.
  • Ischial spine
    Sharp bony projection pointing medially just above the ischial tuberosity.
  • Ischial ramus
    Flat bar of bone extending forward from tuberosity to merge with inferior pubis ramus.
  • Pubis
    Anterior, inferior region of the coxal bone.
  • Superior & Inferior pubic rami
    Superior ramus projects back toward acetabulum; inferior ramus projects down toward ischial ramus.
  • Pubic tubercle
    Small forward bump on superior pubic ramus near the body's midline.
  • Pubic symphysis
    Fibrocartilage pad joint uniting left and right pubic bones at the midline.
  • Femur
    Thigh bone; longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body.
  • Femoral head
    Smooth spherical proximal ball pointing medially to articulate with acetabulum.
  • Femoral neck
    Constricted bridge connecting femoral head to the main shaft.
  • Fovea capitis
    Small pit in center of femoral head serving as attachment for an internal ligament.
  • Greater trochanter
    Large rough projection pointing upward on lateral proximal femur shaft.
  • Lesser trochanter
    Smaller projection pointing posteromedially on proximal femur shaft below the neck.
  • Linea aspera
    Prominent vertical ridge on posterior femur shaft for muscle attachment.
  • Medial & Lateral condyles (Femur)
    Large distal projections articulating with tibia; medial condyle is on same side as femoral head.
  • Medial & Lateral epicondyles (Femur)
    Rough bumps located directly above respective condyles on distal femur.
  • Intercondylar fossa
    Deep U-shaped groove separating medial and lateral condyles on posterior distal femur.
  • Patella
    Kneecap; small triangular sesamoid bone embedded in quadriceps tendon.
  • Tibia
    Shinbone; massive medial, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
  • Medial & Lateral condyles (Tibia)
    Flattened smooth superior surfaces at proximal tibia that articulate with femur condyles.
  • Tibial tuberosity
    Rough projection on anterior midline of tibia below condyles; attachment for patellar ligament.