BackStudy Guide: Muscular System 4/4
Terms in this set (36)
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, producing ATP without requiring oxygen.
Pyruvic acid or pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, which can enter aerobic metabolism or be converted to lactic acid anaerobically.
Lactic acid or lactate is produced from pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism when oxygen is scarce.
Anaerobic metabolism generates ATP without oxygen, primarily through glycolysis and lactic acid formation.
Aerobic metabolism produces ATP using oxygen, fully oxidizing pyruvate in mitochondria for more efficient energy.
Glycogen is a stored form of glucose in muscles and liver, used as an energy reserve during muscle activity.
Myoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein in muscle cells that stores and facilitates oxygen delivery for aerobic metabolism.
A muscle twitch is a single, brief contraction and relaxation cycle of a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus.
The latent phase is the delay between stimulus and the start of muscle contraction during a twitch.
A myogram is a graphical recording of muscle contraction showing phases like latent, contraction, and relaxation.
Wave summation occurs when multiple stimuli arrive before a muscle fully relaxes, increasing contraction strength.
Incomplete tetanus is a sustained muscle contraction with partial relaxation between stimuli.
Complete tetanus is a sustained muscle contraction without any relaxation between stimuli.
Muscle tone is the continuous, passive partial contraction of muscles to maintain posture and readiness.
The length-tension relationship describes how muscle tension varies with muscle fiber length at contraction start.
Type I fibers are slow-twitch muscle fibers adapted for endurance and aerobic metabolism.
Type II fibers are fast-twitch muscle fibers adapted for quick, powerful contractions and anaerobic metabolism.
Atrophy is the decrease in muscle size and strength due to disuse or disease.
Myosin kinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates myosin heads, activating contraction in smooth muscle.
A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
Motor unit recruitment is the process of activating more motor units to increase muscle contraction strength.
Isotonic concentric contraction shortens the muscle while generating force.
Isotonic eccentric contraction lengthens the muscle while under tension.
Isometric contraction generates force without changing muscle length.
Hypertrophy is the increase in muscle size due to exercise or increased workload.
Fatigue is the decline in muscle's ability to generate force after prolonged activity.
Post-exercise oxygen consumption is the elevated oxygen intake after exercise to restore muscle conditions.
The recovery period is the time after exercise when muscles return to resting state.
Dense bodies are structures in smooth muscle that anchor actin filaments, similar to Z-discs in skeletal muscle.
Calmodulin is a calcium-binding protein that activates myosin kinase in smooth muscle contraction.
Pacemaker cells generate spontaneous electrical impulses to regulate rhythmic contractions in smooth and cardiac muscle.
Botulism is a condition caused by toxin blocking acetylcholine release, leading to flaccid paralysis.
Tetanus is a condition caused by toxin preventing inhibitory neurotransmitter release, causing spastic paralysis.
A spasm is a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction.
Flaccid paralysis is muscle weakness with loss of muscle tone due to nerve damage or toxin.
Spastic paralysis is continuous muscle contraction due to loss of inhibitory control in the nervous system.