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UNIT FOUR EXAM CH16

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Terms in this set (98)

  • All the following structures are primary organs of the endocrine system except the ________.

    hypothalamus

  • Endocrine glands secrete __________ into the bloodstream, where they travel to specific sites called __________.

    hormones; target tissues

  • Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary _________

    by the portal veins.

  • What is delivered over the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

    Releasing and inhibiting hormones

  • What is a major function of the endocrine system?

    The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells.

  • The __________ is the link between the nervous and the endocrine systems.

    hypothalamus

  • A hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the absorption of calcium ions from the digestive tract is ____.

    calcitriol

  • The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because

    it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release.

  • What type of tissue makes up the adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary gland?

    Glandular epithelium

  • Which of the following structures is a primary endocrine organ?

    Thyroid gland

  • __________ signals consist of chemicals secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid that elicit effects from the same cell.

    Autocrine

  • What type of hormones can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus?

    Hydrophobic hormones

  • Paracrine signals:

    act on neighboring cells.

  • _____ is required for thyroid hormone synthesis.

    Iodine

  • What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) target?

    Thyroid gland

  • The endocrine system secretes __________ into the blood to be transported to their target cells.

    hormones

  • The cells of the nervous system communicate via __________, whereas the cells of the endocrine system communicate via __________.

    neurotransmitters; hormones

  • Which tropic hormone(s) is/are released by the anterior pituitary?

    Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

    Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

    Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

  • Which of the following hormones causes contractions of the uterus during childbirth?

    Oxytocin

  • Unlike the nervous system, the effects of hormones:

    can require seconds to hours to days to elicit their effect.

  • Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of __________.

    T lymphocytes

  • Renin is produced by the __________.

    kidneys

  • Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

    Insulin

  • Which of the following glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions?

    Pancreas

  • The __________ is the organ responsible for producing atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

    heart

  • Which of the following hormones acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?

    Cortisol

  • Which of the following hormones causes the testes to produce testosterone?

    Luteinizing hormone (LH)

  • Which region of the adrenal gland produces mineralocorticoids?

    Zona glomerulus

  • Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration?

    Glucagon

  • The __________ cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin.

    beta

  • Thyroxine (T4) functions to

    increase the general rate of metabolism.

  • Leptin is a hormone produced by the __________.

    adipose tissue

  • Testosterone is produced by the __________.

    testes

  • Aldosterone regulates __________.

    extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels

  • Which hormones work synergistically to retain water?

    Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

  • Alpha cells of the pancreas produce __________.

    glucagon

  • What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucagon?

    Insulin

  • Melatonin is secreted by the __________ to regulate the sleep/wake cycle.

    pineal gland

  • Which of the following hormones stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics such as adipose deposition in the breast?

    Estrogens

  • Increases red blood cell formation

    Erythropoietin

  • Promotes satiety

    Leptin

  • Decreases blood pressure

    Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

  • Promotes sleep

    Melatonin

  • __________ is caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas by the immune system.

    Type 1 diabetes mellitus

  • Hypersecretion of which of the following hormones is most likely to lead to high blood pressure and hypernatremia (excess blood sodium ion concentration)?

    Aldosterone

  • ______ exerts its effects primarily upon the reproductive organs.

    Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

  • What is a major function of the endocrine system?

    The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells.

  • Hormones only affect certain types of cells known as target cells.

    True

  • Hormones that control hormone secretion from other glands are known as __________.

    tropic hormones

  • What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)?

    increasing solute concentration of the blood

  • Thermoregulation is the responsibility of __________.

    thyroid hormones

  • What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

    hypocalcemia

  • The follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroid hormones while the parafollicular cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH).

    False

  • What hormones are produced by zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

    mineralocorticoids

  • The effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine have nearly the same effects as the neurotransmitters of the __________.

    sympathetic nervous system

  • Glucagon operates under __________.

    humoral stimulation

  • Glucosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia are symptoms of both type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus).

    True

  • Melatonin appears to adjust the sleep phase of the sleep/wake cycle of some people.

    True

  • What hormone(s) determines the basal metabolic rate at rest when fasting?

    thyroid hormones

  • Chemical messengers released by endocrine glands to regulate some functions of other cells are known as __________.

    hormones

  • With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship?

    pituitary gland

  • What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)?

    water retention by the kidneys

  • What hormone is made by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?

    calcitonin

  • What element is necessary for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)?

    iodine

  • What is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

    increased osteoblast activity

  • Aldosterone regulates __________.

    extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels

  • What is NOT a primary target tissue of cortisol?

    nervous tissue

  • Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

    insulin

  • Harrie has recurring kidney stones. Which hormone should be checked for normal levels?

    parathyroid hormone (PTH)

  • Avery has high blood pressure and hypernatremia (excess blood sodium ion concentration). The hypersecretion of which hormone could lead to his condition?

    aldosterone

  • Nina is researching hormones that can stimulate and inhibit the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary. Predict the type of stimulation that regulates the secretion of growth hormone.

    hormonal stimulation

  • tropi-

    "to turn on."

  • para-

    "beside," "near" or "alongside."

  • gluco-

    "sugar" or "glucose."

  • thyro-

    "relating to the thyroid gland."

  • adren-

    "relating to the adrenal glands."

  • Compared to the effects of the nervous system, the effects of the endocrine system __________.

    last longer

  • Chemical messengers that reach their target cells traveling in blood are called __________.

    hormones

  • Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary?

    ADH

  • Increased levels of T3 and T4 will result in __________.

    decreased TRH secretion

  • Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?

    TSH

  • Low levels of T3 and T4 will cause:

    increased TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary via a negative feedback loop.

  • The outer region of the adrenal gland is called the __________.

    cortex

  • Which of the following effects occurs when epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla?

    Decreased digestive and urinary functions

  • Insulin is produced by the __________ cells of the pancreas.

    beta

  • Which of the following effects is not associated with the hormone insulin?

    Gluconeogenesis in the liver

  • When blood glucose levels are high

    The pancreas releases insulin.

  • A liver cell responds to insulin by

    Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

  • What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

    Liver cells.

  • Body cells that respond to insulin include

    Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

  • When blood glucose levels are low

    The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

  • The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

    homeostasis

  • A dysfunctional leptin receptor in the hypothalamus will

    cause overeating to occur.

  • Renal failure not only affects the urinary system, it will also

    affect red blood cell formation, vitamin D conversion and blood pressure regulation.

  • Which of the following hormones is important for T lymphocyte maturation?

    thymosin

  • The pineal gland produces the hormone __________.

    melatonin

  • Which of the following hormones is

    not

    important for fluid homeostasis?

    epinephrine

  • Which of the following hormones is secreted in response to stress?

    Cortisol