Outline the steps to estimate the net charge of a peptide at pH 7.4 with the following ionizable groups: N-terminus (pKa 9.0), lysine side chain (pKa 10.5), and C-terminus (pKa 3.0).

How does the isoelectric point relate to the solubility of a peptide in a solution?

How would the presence of a charged side chain in a peptide affect its isoelectric point?

Estimate the isoelectric point for a peptide sequence of H-D-K with pKa values of 1.8, 6.0, 9.2, and 10.5.

How do you calculate the average molecular weight of an amino acid residue?

Why is it important to use approximate methods for determining protein mass in practical scenarios?

What is the significance of the dehydration synthesis reaction in protein mass approximation?

Given a peptide bond with resonance structures, predict the dipole moment direction across the bond.

What are the consequences of limited peptide bond rotation on protein folding?

How does the dipole moment affect the peptide bond's polarity?

Why is the omega bond angle excluded from the Ramachandran plot?

How can a Ramachandran plot be used to predict secondary structures in proteins?

Where are beta sheets typically located on a Ramachandran plot?

What is a Ramachandran plot used for in biochemistry?