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Metabolic Regulation 2 definitions

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  • Phosphofructokinase 1
    Allosteric enzyme controlling glycolysis rate, committed step; activity modulated by cellular energy and regulatory molecules.
  • Glycolysis
    Metabolic pathway converting glucose to pyruvate, generating ATP; tightly regulated by key enzymes and cellular energy status.
  • Allosteric Regulation
    Enzyme activity modulation via binding of effectors at sites distinct from the active site, enabling fine metabolic control.
  • Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
    Potent activator of glycolysis, produced by PFK2; integrates hormonal signals to coordinate glucose metabolism.
  • Phosphofructokinase 2
    Enzyme generating fructose 2,6-bisphosphate; activity influenced by insulin and glucagon, linking hormonal control to metabolism.
  • Glucagon
    Hormone released during low blood sugar; inactivates PFK2 and pyruvate kinase in liver, promoting glucose production.
  • Insulin
    Hormone secreted in response to high blood sugar; activates PFK2, enhancing glycolysis and glucose utilization.
  • Pyruvate Kinase
    Final glycolytic enzyme; regulated by ATP, acetyl CoA, alanine, and hormonal signals to balance glucose usage.
  • Acetyl CoA
    Metabolic intermediate; inhibits pyruvate kinase and activates pyruvate carboxylase, linking glycolysis to gluconeogenesis.
  • Pyruvate Carboxylase
    First gluconeogenic enzyme; activated by acetyl CoA, initiates glucose synthesis from pyruvate.
  • Citrate
    Citric acid cycle intermediate; inhibits PFK1 when abundant, signaling sufficient energy and biosynthetic precursors.
  • Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
    Gluconeogenic enzyme; counteracts PFK1, inhibited by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and AMP to prevent simultaneous glycolysis.
  • Protein Phosphatase
    Enzyme removing phosphate groups; dephosphorylates PFK2, activating it in response to metabolic signals.
  • Xylulose 5-phosphate
    Pentose phosphate pathway product; stimulates protein phosphatase, indirectly promoting glycolysis via PFK2 activation.
  • Feedback Inhibition
    Regulatory mechanism where pathway products suppress enzyme activity, preventing overproduction and maintaining balance.