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A&P II Lab Exam 1

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Termini in questo insieme (23)

  • What are the three formed elements of blood?
    Red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
  • Describe the appearance and function of red blood cells (RBCs).
    Pink/red, round, no nucleus, most numerous; function is to transport O₂ and some CO₂.
  • How can you identify white blood cells (WBCs)?
    Larger than RBCs, have a nucleus, and function in immune defense.
  • What is the role of platelets in blood?
    Tiny cell fragments responsible for blood clotting and hemostasis.
  • What are the visual clues for polycythemia in RBCs?
    Too many RBCs, cells appear crowded together with less space between them.
  • How do RBCs appear in pernicious anemia?
    RBCs are larger than normal, called macrocytes.
  • What is the characteristic shape of RBCs in sickle cell anemia?
    RBCs become crescent or sickle-shaped, an abnormal shape.
  • What is the mnemonic to remember the five types of WBCs?
    Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas: Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil.
  • Identify key features of neutrophils.
    2–5 lobed nucleus (usually 3+), pale cytoplasm, 1.5–2× size of RBC; function: phagocytosis and bacterial defense.
  • What distinguishes eosinophils visually and functionally?
    2 lobes, pink/orange gritty cytoplasm, >3× size of RBC; function: defense against parasites and allergies.
  • Describe lymphocytes' appearance and function.
    Large round nucleus with little cytoplasm, about 1–1.5× RBC size; function: adaptive immunity (B and T cells).
  • What are the identifying features of monocytes?
    Very large cell, visible cytoplasm all around, kidney-shaped nucleus; function: become macrophages and phagocytize debris.
  • How can basophils be identified and what is their function?
    Dark purple granules often obscuring nucleus; function: release histamine and heparin, involved in inflammation.
  • Name the four chambers of the heart and their main functions.
    Right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood; Right ventricle: pumps to lungs; Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood; Left ventricle: pumps to body.
  • What is the function of the tricuspid valve?
    Located between right atrium and right ventricle; prevents backflow into the right atrium.
  • Where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve located and what does it do?
    Between left atrium and left ventricle; prevents backflow into the left atrium.
  • Describe the blood flow sequence through the heart.
    Body → vena cavae → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta → body.
  • What are the key features of skeletal muscle tissue?
    Striated, long cylindrical fibers, multiple peripheral nuclei; function: voluntary movement and posture.
  • How does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle?
    Striated, branched cells, usually one central nucleus, intercalated discs; function: involuntary heart pumping.
  • What are the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?
    No striations, spindle-shaped cells, one central nucleus; function: involuntary movement of substances in hollow organs.
  • What does the P wave represent on an EKG?
    Atrial depolarization leading to atrial contraction.
  • What does the QRS complex represent on an EKG?
    Ventricular depolarization leading to ventricular contraction; atrial repolarization occurs but is hidden.
  • What does the T wave represent on an EKG?
    Ventricular repolarization associated with ventricles preparing to relax.