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Anatomy & Physiology: Basic Concepts and Homeostasis

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • Why are anatomy and physiology studied together?
    Because structure determines function, the form of a body part dictates what it can do, known as the principle of complementarity of structure and function.
  • What are the levels of structural organization in the human body from simplest to most complex?
    Atoms → Molecules → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organism.
  • What is the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism?
    The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit, capable of maintaining and perpetuating life.
  • Name the four basic tissue types in the human body.
    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
  • What defines an organ in the human body?
    An organ is a structure composed of at least two (usually four) tissue types that performs a specific function.
  • What is an organ system?
    A group of organs that work closely together to accomplish a common purpose.
  • What is the standard anatomical position?
    Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.
  • What do the terms 'right' and 'left' refer to in anatomy?
    They refer to the patient's or cadaver's right and left, not the observer's.
  • Define the directional term 'proximal'.
    Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
  • Define the directional term 'distal'.
    Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
  • What are the two fundamental divisions of the body?
    1. Axial part: head, neck, and trunk; 2. Appendicular part: limbs attached to the axis.
  • Name the three common body planes.
    Frontal (coronal), sagittal (median), and transverse (horizontal) planes.
  • What are the major dorsal body cavities and what do they contain?
    Cranial cavity (houses the brain) and vertebral cavity (houses the spinal cord).
  • What are the major divisions of the ventral body cavity?
    Thoracic cavity (pleural and pericardial cavities) and abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal and pelvic cavities).
  • What is homeostasis?
    The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous external changes; a dynamic state of equilibrium.
  • What are the three components required for homeostatic regulation?
    Receptor (sensor), control center, and effector.
  • What is the role of negative feedback in homeostasis?
    It prevents sudden, severe changes by reducing or shutting off the original stimulus.
  • Give an example of a positive feedback mechanism.
    Blood clotting or enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin, where the response exaggerates the original stimulus.
  • What systems play a major role in maintaining homeostasis?
    The nervous and endocrine systems.
  • What is the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in homeostasis?
    It controls involuntary responses like heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and digestion without conscious awareness.
  • What is a hormone?
    A chemical substance released into extracellular fluid that regulates the metabolic function of other cells.
  • How does the hypothalamus contribute to homeostasis?
    It acts as the master control center, coordinating responses through the ANS and endocrine system to regulate body functions.