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Anatomy & Physiology: Blood and Circulatory System

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Termini in questo insieme (25)

  • Primary functions of blood
    Transportation of gases, nutrients, and wastes; Regulation of body fluid homeostasis, pH, and temperature; Protection via clotting and immune responses.
  • Components of blood plasma
    Plasma is 90% water and contains inorganic and organic substances including plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, gases, and hormones.
  • Formed elements of blood
    Blood cells including erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and platelets (thrombocytes).
  • Site and process of blood cell formation
    Hemopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow from pluripotent stem cells, stimulated by specific hormones.
  • Structure and function of red blood cells
    Biconcave, flexible, anucleate cells containing hemoglobin for O2 and CO2 transport; lack mitochondria and organelles.
  • Role of hemoglobin in RBCs
    Binds oxygen and carbon dioxide for transport in the blood.
  • Erythropoiesis regulation
    Stimulated by erythropoietin from kidneys in response to low blood oxygen levels (hypoxia).
  • Nutritional requirements for RBC production
    Iron (heme component), folic acid, and vitamin B12 are essential for DNA replication and RBC synthesis.
  • Hematocrit and normal values
    Percentage of RBCs in blood; males ~47%, females ~42%.
  • Anemia types related to blood
    Includes iron-deficiency, pernicious (B12 deficiency), hemorrhagic, hemolytic, sickle cell, aplastic, and renal anemia.
  • Role of spleen in blood filtration
    Spleen macrophages phagocytize old RBCs; hemoglobin is catabolized, iron recycled, and heme converted to bilirubin.
  • Leukocytes classification
    Divided into granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes).
  • Functions of neutrophils
    Phagocytic cells that increase in number during infections.
  • Functions of eosinophils
    Defend against parasitic worms using toxic granules.
  • Functions of basophils
    Non-phagocytic cells that contribute to allergic reactions by releasing histamine.
  • Monocytes and macrophages
    Monocytes migrate to tissues and differentiate into macrophages for phagocytosis.
  • Lymphocytes role
    Include B cells and T cells involved in adaptive immunity.
  • Platelets origin and function
    Cytoplasmic fragments from megakaryocytes; lack organelles but contain granules; essential for blood clotting.
  • Three steps of hemostasis
    Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation.
  • Coagulation cascade key stages
    Formation of prothrombinase, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form clot.
  • Common clotting disorders
    Hemophilia (factor deficiencies), von Willebrand disease, vitamin K deficiency, thromboembolic and bleeding disorders.
  • Blood transfusion compatibility systems
    ABO blood group system and Rh factor determine compatibility to prevent agglutination.
  • Universal donor and recipient blood types
    Type O is universal donor; Type AB is universal recipient.
  • Rh factor and pregnancy complications
    Rh-negative mother with Rh-positive fetus can cause erythroblastosis fetalis, leading to hemolysis and anemia in fetus.
  • Consequences of Rh disease in newborns
    Jaundice, mental impairment, acute kidney failure, and circulatory shock due to hemolysis.