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Anatomy & Physiology: Blood Cells, Hemostasis, and Blood Groups

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  • Which category of leukocyte has the longest life span?

    Lymphocytes have the longest life span among leukocytes.

  • What are the histological characteristics and function of neutrophils?

    Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus (3-6 lobes), light lilac cytoplasm with blue and pink granules, and are 2-3 times larger than RBCs. They phagocytize bacteria.

  • Describe eosinophils' characteristics and function.

    Eosinophils have a bilobed nucleus (earmuff shape), pink cytoplasm with red granules, 2-3 times larger than RBCs, and kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy and asthma.

  • What are basophils' features and function?

    Basophils have a bilobed nucleus covered by large purplish/black/blue granules, 2-3 times larger than RBCs, and release histamine and heparin to promote inflammation and prevent clotting.

  • What distinguishes agranulocytes from granulocytes?

    Agranulocytes lack visible granules in their cytoplasm, unlike granulocytes which have granules.

  • Describe lymphocytes' characteristics and function.

    Lymphocytes have a large spherical nucleus occupying most of the cell, pale blue cytoplasm, slightly smaller than RBCs, and mount immune responses via direct attack or antibody production.

  • What are monocytes' features and function?

    Monocytes have a U-shaped or kidney-shaped nucleus, gray-blue cytoplasm, are the largest blood cells, and phagocytize pathogens and develop into macrophages in tissues.

  • Order the types of WBCs from most to least numerous.

    Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils (Mnemonic: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas).

  • Which WBC accounts for more than half of circulating leukocytes?

    Neutrophils make up more than 50% of circulating white blood cells.

  • Which WBCs are important phagocytes?

    Neutrophils and monocytes are the primary phagocytic white blood cells.

  • Which WBC releases heparin and histamine?

    Basophils release heparin and histamine to mediate inflammation and anticoagulation.

  • What hormone regulates platelet formation?

    Thrombopoietin regulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes.

  • Describe the three phases of hemostasis.

    1. Vascular spasm: vasoconstriction reduces blood loss.
    2. Platelet plug formation: platelets aggregate at injury.
    3. Coagulation: fibrin mesh reinforces the plug.

  • What chemicals do activated platelets release and their roles?

    Activated platelets release ADP (promotes aggregation), serotonin and thromboxane A2 (enhance vascular spasm and aggregation), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (stimulates vessel repair).

  • Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting.

    Extrinsic pathway: triggered by tissue factor outside blood, faster.
    Intrinsic pathway: triggered by factors within blood, slower with more steps.

  • What enzyme initiates the common pathway of coagulation?

    Prothrombin activator is formed by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to start the common pathway.

  • Outline the common pathway steps in coagulation.

    Phase I: Prothrombin activator forms.
    Phase II: Prothrombin converts to thrombin.
    Phase III: Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a clot mesh.

  • What is clot retraction?

    Platelets contract using actin and myosin, pulling fibrin strands to compact the clot and draw vessel edges together, stabilizing the clot.

  • What is fibrinolysis and which enzyme is involved?

    Fibrinolysis removes clots after healing; plasmin is the fibrin-digesting enzyme activated from plasminogen.

  • How is blood clotting localized and controlled?

    Clotting is controlled by rapid removal and inhibition of clotting factors, anticoagulants like antithrombin III, protein C, and heparin, and intact endothelium releasing nitric oxide and prostacyclin to prevent unwanted clotting.

  • What agglutinogens distinguish ABO blood groups?

    ABO blood groups are distinguished by the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells.

  • What agglutinogens are present on RBCs of each ABO blood type?

    Type A: A antigen
    Type B: B antigen
    Type AB: Both A and B antigens
    Type O: No A or B antigens

  • What agglutinins are present in plasma of each ABO blood type?

    Type A: anti-B antibodies
    Type B: anti-A antibodies
    Type AB: no antibodies
    Type O: anti-A and anti-B antibodies

  • Which donor blood types are compatible with each ABO recipient?

    Type A: A, O
    Type B: B, O
    Type AB: A, B, AB, O (universal recipient)
    Type O: O (universal donor)

  • When do anti-Rh antibodies form?

    Anti-Rh antibodies form when an Rh-negative person is exposed to Rh-positive blood, usually after the first exposure sensitizes the immune system.

  • Explain hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis).

    Occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries multiple Rh-positive babies; maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross placenta and destroy fetal RBCs in subsequent pregnancies, causing anemia and hypoxia in the fetus.