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Anatomy & Physiology: Blood Structure and Functions

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • What is blood classified as in connective tissue?
    Blood is the only fluid tissue in the human body and is classified as a special connective tissue.
  • What are the formed elements of blood?
    Formed elements include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
  • What is the liquid matrix of blood called?
    The liquid matrix of blood is called plasma, which contains dissolved proteins, nutrients, and waste products.
  • List the three main functions of blood.
    Transport of gases and nutrients, regulation of temperature, pH, and fluid volume, and protection via clotting and immune defense.
  • How does blood transport oxygen?
    Oxygen binds to iron in hemoglobin in the lungs forming oxyhemoglobin, then is delivered to tissues where it unbinds.
  • How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?
    CO2 binds to amino acids in hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin and is transported to the lungs for exhalation.
  • What is hematopoiesis?
    Hematopoiesis is the process of forming all blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow.
  • Describe the stages of erythropoiesis.
    Stages include hematopoietic stem cell → myeloid stem cell → proerythroblast → basophilic erythroblast → polychromatic erythroblast → orthochromatic erythroblast → reticulocyte → mature RBC.
  • What regulates the rate of erythropoiesis?
    The oxygen-carrying capacity of blood regulates erythropoiesis, not the number of RBCs.
  • How is iron transported and stored for RBC production?
    Iron is stored as ferritin or hemosiderin and transported bound to transferrin to the bone marrow.
  • What is leukopoiesis?
    Leukopoiesis is the production of white blood cells, maintaining a normal WBC count of 4,800–10,800 cells/μL.
  • How are platelets produced?
    Platelets are produced from megakaryocytes in bone marrow through stages from hematopoietic stem cell to megakaryocyte, then released as platelets.
  • What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
    The intrinsic pathway is triggered by factors within blood such as activated platelets and collagen; it is slower with many steps.
  • What triggers the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
    The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor from damaged tissue outside the blood; it is faster and bypasses several steps.
  • What happens during clot retraction and repair?
    Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates fibroblasts to rebuild tissue, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes endothelial cell proliferation.
  • Describe fibrinolysis.
    Fibrinolysis is clot breakdown where tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) converts plasminogen into plasmin, which digests fibrin to dissolve the clot.
  • What determines ABO blood groups?
    ABO groups are based on the presence of A and/or B antigens on RBCs; plasma contains antibodies against absent antigens.
  • What determines Rh blood group status?
    Presence of the D antigen (Rh factor) on RBCs determines Rh+ or Rh– status.
  • What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn?
    An Rh– mother sensitized by an Rh+ fetus produces anti-Rh antibodies that attack RBCs of an Rh+ fetus in subsequent pregnancies.
  • How do incompatible blood transfusions cause reactions?
    Recipient antibodies attack donor RBC antigens causing agglutination and hemolysis, which can lead to acute renal failure.
  • Why are donor plasma antibodies usually not serious in transfusions?
    Donor antibodies are diluted in recipient plasma and typically do not cause significant reactions.
  • Who is the universal blood donor and recipient?
    Group O negative is the universal donor; Group AB positive is the universal recipient.