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Anatomy & Physiology: Brain and Nervous System Fundamentals

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Termini in questo insieme (35)

  • Primary function of the cerebellum
    The cerebellum coordinates voluntary skeletal muscle movements, maintains balance, posture, muscle tone, and fine-tunes motor activity.
  • Anatomical location of the cerebellum
    The cerebellum is located inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem, characterized by narrow folds called folia and a branching white matter called the arbor vitae.
  • What is the arbor vitae?
    The arbor vitae is the tree-like pattern of white matter inside the cerebellum that carries nerve signals to and from the cerebellar cortex.
  • Gray matter composition
    Gray matter contains primarily neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia.
  • White matter composition
    White matter is composed mainly of myelinated axons, giving it a white appearance due to lipid-rich myelin.
  • Neuron structures in gray matter
    Gray matter contains cell bodies, dendrites, synapses, and unmyelinated axons.
  • Neuron structures in white matter
    White matter contains primarily myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses.
  • Three structures of the brainstem
    The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
  • Function of the midbrain
    The midbrain is involved in visual and auditory reflexes, eye movement, motor control, and serves as a pathway between the cerebrum and lower brain regions.
  • Key structures in the midbrain
    Important midbrain structures include the cerebral peduncles, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, and cerebral aqueduct.
  • Function of the pons
    The pons acts as a bridge between brain parts and helps regulate breathing, sleep, and communication between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
  • Function of the medulla oblongata
    The medulla controls vital autonomic functions such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting.
  • Function of the cerebrum
    The cerebrum is responsible for conscious thought, memory, intelligence, sensory perception, language, and voluntary movement.
  • Location and function of the frontal lobe
    The frontal lobe is at the front of the brain and controls voluntary motor activity, reasoning, planning, personality, and speech production (Broca's area).
  • Function of the prefrontal cortex
    The prefrontal cortex, anterior part of the frontal lobe, manages judgment, decision-making, planning, personality, and executive functions.
  • Function of the parietal lobe
    The parietal lobe processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and spatial awareness.
  • Function of the temporal lobe
    The temporal lobe processes hearing, memory, language comprehension (Wernicke's area), and smell.
  • Brain areas responsible for speech and language
    Broca's area in the frontal lobe controls speech production; Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe controls language comprehension.
  • Difference between graded and action potentials
    Graded potentials vary in strength and decrease with distance; action potentials are all-or-none impulses that do not weaken as they travel.
  • Where do graded potentials occur?
    Graded potentials occur in the dendrites and cell body of neurons.
  • Where do action potentials begin?
    Action potentials usually begin at the axon hillock (trigger zone) and travel along the axon.
  • Outermost connective tissue covering of a nerve
    The epineurium surrounds and protects the entire nerve.
  • Function of the perineurium
    The perineurium surrounds a fascicle (bundle) of axons within a nerve.
  • Function of the endoneurium
    The endoneurium is the delicate connective tissue surrounding each individual axon.
  • Order of nerve connective tissue coverings from outside to inside
    Epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium.
  • What are the meninges?
    The meninges are three protective connective tissue layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
  • Order of meninges from superficial to deep
    Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
  • Function of the dura mater
    The dura mater is the tough outer layer providing protection and support for the brain and spinal cord.
  • Function of the arachnoid mater
    The arachnoid mater is the middle layer; beneath it lies the subarachnoid space containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • Function of the pia mater
    The pia mater is the thin inner layer that tightly adheres to the brain and spinal cord surface and contains many blood vessels.
  • Location of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    CSF is located in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater.
  • Primary function of the hypothalamus
    The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, hormone release, sleep, emotions, and autonomic nervous system functions.
  • Functions regulated by the hypothalamus
    Body temperature, hunger, thirst, water balance, endocrine activity, autonomic nervous system, and sleep-wake cycles.
  • What is a gyrus?
    A gyrus is an elevated ridge or fold on the cerebrum surface that increases brain surface area.
  • What is a sulcus?
    A sulcus is a shallow groove between two gyri on the brain surface.