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Anatomy & Physiology: Cardiovascular and Blood System Fundamentals

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  • Normal values of RBC

    Functions of RBC

    Normal values of RBC: 4.5-5.5 million/µL,

    Functions of RBC: transport oxygen;

  • Normal Value of Platelets

    Function of Platelets

    Normal Value Platelets: 150,000-450,000/µL

    Function of Platelets: blood clotting

  • Normal Values of Blood Volume

    • Adult Male: 5-6 Liters

    • Adult Female 4-5 Liters

  • Normal Values of Hematocrit

    Functions of Hematocrit

    Values of Hematocrit:

    • Adult Male 40-54% or 47% +/- 5%

    • Adult Female 38-46% or 42% +/- 5%

    Function of Hematocrit: percentage of RBCs in blood;

  • Normal Values of WBC

    Function of WBC

    Value WBC: 4,000-11,000/µL,

    Function of WBC: immune defense;

  • Normal Values of Hemoglobin

    Function of Hemoglobin

    Value of Hemoglobin: 12-16 g/dL (female), 14-18 g/dL (male).

    Function of Hemoglobin: oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs.

  • Components of the Cardiovascular system

    • Heart

    • blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

    • blood

  • Albumin in plasma proteins

    • Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein,

    • making up 60%,

    • helps maintain osmotic pressure.

  • Globin

    • Globin makes up 36% of plasma proteins;

    • Alpha and Beta globulins

    • produced by liver

    • functions as transport protein for metal ions ( Fe2+, Cu2+)

  • Gamma Globin in plasma proteins

    • produced by plasma cells

    • only protein not produced by the liver

    • acts as an antibody.

  • Nonprotein Nitrogen Substances (NPNs)

    • Include urea

    • creatinine

    • uric acid

    • ammonium salts

      waste products filtered by kidneys.

  • Organic Nutrients in blood plasma

    • Glucose

    • amino acids

    • fatty acids

    • vitamins

      transported for cellular metabolism.

  • Structure of Hemoglobin
    Hemoglobin consists of 4 polypeptide chains each with a heme group that binds oxygen.
  • Steps of Erythropoiesis
    Pluripotent stem cell → myeloid stem cell → orthochromatic erythroblast → reticulocyte → mature RBC.
  • Negative feedback loop in erythropoiesis
    Low oxygen triggers kidney to release erythropoietin, stimulating RBC production until oxygen normalizes.
  • Causes of Hemochromatosis
    Excessive iron absorption leading to iron overload and tissue damage.
  • Polycythemia
    Abnormally high RBC count causing increased blood viscosity.
  • Hemorrhagic anemia
    Anemia caused by acute or chronic blood loss.
  • Hemolytic anemia
    Anemia due to premature destruction of RBCs.
  • Aplastic anemia
    Anemia caused by failure of bone marrow to produce RBCs.
  • Iron deficiency anemia
    Anemia caused by insufficient iron for hemoglobin synthesis.
  • Pernicious anemia
    Anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency affecting RBC production.
  • Sickle cell anemia
    Genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin that distorts RBC shape.
  • Thalassemia
    Inherited blood disorder causing defective hemoglobin production.
  • Leukemia
    Cancer of white blood cells causing uncontrolled proliferation.

  • Leukopenia

    low WBC count;

  • Leukocytosis

    high WBC count, often due to infection.

  • Infectious mononucleosis
    Viral infection causing high lymphocyte count and fatigue.

  • Thrombus

    blood clot attached to vessel wall;

  • Embolus

    detached clot traveling in bloodstream.

  • Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
    Widespread clotting and bleeding due to overactive coagulation.

  • Thrombocytopenia

    low platelet count causing bleeding;

  • Hemophilia

    genetic clotting factor deficiency.

  • Primary and Secondary Hemostasis

    Primary: platelet plug formation;

    Secondary: coagulation cascade forming fibrin clot.

  • Clot retraction and vessel healing

    Platelets contract to shrink clot;

    vessel repairs via endothelial cell growth.

  • Fibrinolysis
    Process of clot breakdown by plasmin to restore normal blood flow.
  • Blood groups ABO: antigens and antibodies

    Group A: A antigen, anti-B antibody;

    Group B: B antigen, anti-A antibody;

    Group AB: A & B antigens, no antibodies;

    Group O: no antigens, anti-A & anti-B antibodies.

  • Blood group compatibility

    Donors must lack recipient antibodies;

    O is universal donor,

    AB universal recipient.

  • Erythroblastosis Fetalis
    Hemolytic disease of newborn caused by Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus.
  • Functions of the heart
    Pumps blood to lungs for oxygenation and to body for nutrient delivery.
  • Heart size and position

    • About the size of a fist,

    • located in the mediastinum

    • tilted left,

    • between lungs.

  • Pericardium structure and function

    • Fibrous pericardium protects;

    • serous pericardium has parietal and visceral layers with pericardial cavity reducing friction.

  • Heart wall layers

    Epicardium: outer layer

    Myocardium: muscular middle layer

    Endocardium: inner lining.

  • Major heart chambers and septa
    Right/left atria and ventricles separated by interatrial and interventricular septa.
  • Heart valves

    Atrioventricular valves: tricuspid (right)

    bicuspid/mitral (left)

    Semilunar valves: pulmonary and aortic.

  • Major vessels attached to the heart

    • Superior/inferior vena cava to right atrium;

    • pulmonary trunk from right ventricle;

    • pulmonary veins to left atrium; aorta from left ventricle.

  • Coronary circulation components

    • Left/right coronary arteries,

    • anterior/posterior interventricular arteries,

    • circumflex artery, coronary sinus, cardiac veins.

  • Anastomosis and collateral circulation
    Connections between vessels providing alternate blood flow routes.
  • Ischemic, angina pectoris, infarction

    • Ischemic: reduced blood flow;

    • angina: chest pain from ischemia;

    • infarction: tissue death from lack of blood.

  • Cardiac muscle properties

    • Striated,

    • Involuntary,

    • branched cells with intercalated discs for synchronized contraction.

  • Autorhythmic vs contractile cardiac cells

    • Autorhythmic cells generate impulses;

    • contractile cells perform contraction;

    differ in action potential and ion permeability.