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Anatomy & Physiology: Cardiovascular, Musculoskeletal, Nervous, and Other Systems

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Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • Arteries

    Thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart under high pressure.

  • Capillaries

    Thin-walled vessels that facilitate exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues.

  • Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) equation

    MAP = CO × SVR, where CO is cardiac output and SVR is systemic vascular resistance.

  • Pulse Pressure

    Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures: \(\text{Pulse Pressure} = \text{Systolic} - \text{Diastolic}\).

  • Shock

    Condition of inadequate cardiac output causing insufficient tissue perfusion; types include hypovolemic, cardiogenic, vascular, and obstructive.

  • Lymphatic System Components

    Includes lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and organs like tonsils, spleen, and thymus.

  • Innate Immunity

    Non-specific defenses such as skin, mucous membranes, phagocytes, and natural killer cells.

  • Adaptive Immunity

    Specific immune responses involving B cells (antibody-mediated) and T cells (cell-mediated).

  • Pulmonary Ventilation

    Process of inhalation and exhalation driven by pressure changes in the respiratory system.

  • Oxygen Transport in Blood

    Oxygen is primarily transported bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

  • Digestive System Layers

    Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa layers regulate digestion and motility.

  • Metabolism

    All chemical reactions in the body, divided into anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down).

  • ATP role in metabolism

    Main energy currency produced during catabolism and used in anabolism: \(\text{ATP} \rightarrow \text{ADP} + \text{P}_i + \text{Energy}\).

  • Nephron

    Functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the glomerulus, tubules, and collecting duct.

  • Glomerular Filtration

    Blood pressure forces water and solutes out of the glomerulus into the nephron.

  • Bone Remodeling Cells

    Osteoclasts break down bone; osteoblasts build new bone matrix.

  • Hormonal Regulation of Bone Remodeling

    Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts; calcitonin lowers calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts.

  • Sliding Filament Theory

    Muscle contraction occurs when myosin heads bind to actin and pull thin filaments toward the sarcomere center.

  • Resting Membrane Potential

    Charge difference across the membrane, typically -70 mV in neurons.

  • Action Potential

    Rapid depolarization and repolarization of the membrane enabling nerve signal transmission.

  • Somatic Motor Control

    Voluntary muscle control via motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction using acetylcholine.

  • Autonomic Nervous System Divisions

    Sympathetic increases heart rate; parasympathetic decreases heart rate and promotes digestion.

  • Myelin Formation

    Oligodendrocytes form myelin in CNS; Schwann cells form myelin in PNS, enabling saltatory conduction.

  • Thermoregulation Systems

    Integumentary system dissipates heat; muscular system generates heat by shivering; hypothalamus regulates body temperature.

  • Reflex Arc Components

    Includes receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector for rapid involuntary responses.

  • Connective Tissue in Skin

    Dermis contains dense irregular connective tissue; hypodermis contains adipose tissue for insulation and energy storage.

  • Major Joints in Appendicular Skeleton

    Synovial joints like the knee and shoulder allow a wide range of motion for locomotion.

  • Membrane Transport in Neurons and Muscles

    Passive transport includes diffusion; active transport uses sodium-potassium pump to maintain resting potential.