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Anatomy & Physiology: Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • What are the key structural characteristics of cartilage?

    Cartilage is avascular, contains glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) like chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, has collagen fibers (sometimes elastic fibers), and is up to 80% water.

  • What is the function of the perichondrium in cartilage?

    The perichondrium is a connective tissue layer surrounding cartilage that supports growth and repair, but cartilage repairs poorly due to poor vascularization.

  • Distinguish between chondroblasts and chondrocytes.

    Chondroblasts are immature cartilage cells that actively form cartilage, while chondrocytes are mature cells that maintain the cartilage matrix.

  • Name the three types of cartilage and one key location for each.

    Hyaline: embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones.
    Elastic: external ear, epiglottis.
    Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.

  • What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage?

    Provides firm support with some pliability, acts as a resilient cushion, and resists compressive stress.

  • How does elastic cartilage differ from hyaline cartilage?

    Elastic cartilage contains more elastic fibers, allowing it to maintain shape with greater flexibility.

  • What is the structural role of fibrocartilage?

    Fibrocartilage provides tensile strength and absorbs compressive shock, acting as a structural intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue.

  • List seven functions of bone tissue.

    Support, protection, anchorage/movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, fat storage, and hormone production (osteocalcin).

  • How are bones classified by shape?

    Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.

  • Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone.

    Compact bone is dense and organized into osteons (Haversian systems) with concentric lamellae, central canals, lacunae housing osteocytes, and canaliculi connecting lacunae.

  • What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?

    Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone contains trabeculae arranged along stress lines and lacks osteons.

  • What are the periosteum and endosteum?

    The periosteum is the outer fibrous and osteogenic layer covering bone; the endosteum lines trabeculae of spongy bone and canals of compact bone.

  • What are the main parts of a long bone?

    Diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate), medullary cavity (marrow cavity).

  • Explain intramembranous ossification.

    Bone develops directly from fibrous connective tissue membranes, forming flat bones like skull and clavicles, starting around 8 weeks embryonic development.

  • Explain endochondral ossification.

    Bone forms by replacing a hyaline cartilage model, responsible for most bones below the skull, starting in the second month of development.

  • How do long bones grow in length and width?

    Length grows by interstitial growth at the epiphyseal plates; width grows by appositional growth with bone added by osteoblasts on periosteal side and resorbed by osteoclasts on endosteal side.

  • What happens during bone remodeling?

    Bone is continuously resorbed by osteoclasts and formed by osteoblasts to maintain shape, repair damage, and regulate calcium levels.

  • Outline the key steps in fracture repair.

    1) Hematoma formation
    2) Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
    3) Bony callus formation
    4) Bone remodeling to restore shape

  • What role does parathyroid hormone (PTH) play in bone density regulation?

    PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.

  • What factors contribute to osteoporosis?

    Age, decreased estrogen/testosterone, insufficient exercise, poor calcium/protein diet, vitamin D receptor abnormalities, and smoking.

  • function of cartilage?

    provides resilient rigidity to the structure it supports

  • What is perichondrium?

    a layer of dense irregular CT that surrounds the cartilage.