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Anatomy & Physiology: Cell Structure and Function

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Termini in questo insieme (36)

  • What is the control center of the cell?
    The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
  • What is the fluid inside the cell between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope called?
    The fluid is called the cytoplasm, which includes the organelles.
  • Which organelle is known as the 'warehouse' of the cell?
    The Golgi apparatus collects material and packages it into vesicles for release.
  • Which organelle is called the 'powerhouse of the cell'?
    The mitochondria produce most of the ATP used for cellular energy.
  • What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
    It is made of a double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins and cholesterol.
  • Where is rRNA produced and ribosome subunits assembled in the nucleus?
    In the nucleolus.
  • What are the openings in the nuclear envelope called?
    They are called nuclear pores and allow substances to enter and leave the nucleus.
  • Which part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic?
    The phospholipid tails with fatty acids are hydrophobic.
  • Which part of the plasma membrane is hydrophilic?
    The phospholipid heads with phosphate groups are hydrophilic.
  • Which molecules easily diffuse through the plasma membrane?
    Lipid-soluble molecules easily diffuse through the plasma membrane.
  • Which molecules require membrane proteins to cross the plasma membrane?
    Water-soluble molecules require membrane proteins to assist them.
  • What type of transport requires energy to move substances across the plasma membrane?
    Active transport requires energy.
  • Which of these is NOT a form of passive transport: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ion pumps, or osmosis?
    Ion pumps are not passive transport; they require energy.
  • What do active transport and facilitated diffusion have in common?
    Both require carrier proteins to move substances.
  • What is the most common pump in the human body?
    The sodium-potassium pump.
  • What organelles contain digestive enzymes and break down cellular debris?
    Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs with digestive enzymes.
  • Which organelles are composed of 9 microtubule triplets and help move chromosomes during cell division?
    Centrioles assist in chromosome movement.
  • Where are proteins modified and packaged before transport?
    Proteins are modified and packaged in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER).
  • What are long extensions of the plasma membrane that create water currents called?
    Cilia move materials and fluid over cell surfaces.
  • What are made of RNA and proteins and involved in protein synthesis?
    Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
  • What organelle stores, modifies, and packages secretory products into vesicles?
    The Golgi apparatus performs these functions.
  • What provides strength, support, and helps move cellular structures?
    The cytoskeleton is the cell's skeleton.
  • Which organelles have double membranes with a highly folded inner membrane for ATP production?
    Mitochondria have these features.
  • What are folds of the plasma membrane that increase surface area for absorption?
    Microvilli increase surface area.
  • What organelle moves cells through fluid and is found in sperm cells?
    Flagella are long extensions that move cells.
  • Where are lipids and carbohydrates produced in the cell?
    In the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER).
  • What is the fluid between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope?
    The fluid is called cytosol.
  • What happens to red blood cells in a hypertonic solution?
    Water leaves the cells and they shrink (crenate).
  • What happens to red blood cells in an isotonic solution?
    Cells do not change in size.
  • What happens to red blood cells in a hypotonic solution?
    Water enters the cells and they swell and possibly lyse.
  • What moves across the plasma membrane during diffusion?
    Solute particles move across the membrane.
  • What moves across the plasma membrane during osmosis?
    Water molecules move across the membrane.
  • What type of transport is glucose movement through GLUT-4 proteins?
    It is facilitated diffusion.
  • What is the process called when a monocyte engulfs a bacterium?
    This is phagocytosis.
  • How does the sodium-potassium pump move ions?
    It moves 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in per ATP molecule.
  • Which statement about calcium pumps is incorrect?
    Calcium pumps are not passive transport; they require ATP and carrier proteins.