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Anatomy & Physiology: Central Nervous System and Endocrine Overview

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Termini in questo insieme (35)

  • Define gray matter in the CNS

    Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

  • Define white matter in the CNS

    White matter consists mainly of myelinated axons forming tracts that connect different CNS regions.

  • What are tracts in the CNS?

    Tracts are bundles of myelinated axons in the CNS that carry specific types of information between brain and spinal cord regions.

  • What are nuclei in the CNS?

    Nuclei are clusters of neuron cell bodies within the CNS that serve as processing centers.

  • What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    CSF is a clear fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord, providing protection and nutrient transport.

  • What produces cerebrospinal fluid?

    CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the brain ventricles.

  • What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

    The BBB is a selective barrier formed by endothelial cells and astrocytes that protects the brain by restricting substance passage from blood to CNS.

  • What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

    The BBB protects the brain from toxins and pathogens while allowing essential nutrients to pass.

  • Which cells form the blood-brain barrier?

    Endothelial cells with tight junctions and astrocyte end-feet form the blood-brain barrier.

  • What can cross the blood-brain barrier?

    Small, lipid-soluble molecules and gases can cross; most large or hydrophilic molecules cannot.

  • Where is the blood-brain barrier reduced and why?

    It is reduced in areas like the hypothalamus to allow hormone sensing and regulation.

  • What do dorsal roots of the spinal cord carry?

    Dorsal roots carry sensory (afferent) information from peripheral receptors to the spinal cord.

  • What do ventral roots of the spinal cord carry?

    Ventral roots carry motor (efferent) information from the spinal cord to muscles and glands.

  • What are the dorsal, lateral, and ventral horns in spinal cord gray matter?

    Dorsal horns process sensory input, ventral horns contain motor neurons, and lateral horns contain autonomic neurons.

  • What are the two main tracts in spinal cord white matter?

    Ascending tracts carry sensory information to the brain; descending tracts carry motor commands from the brain to the body.

  • What is the function of the pyramids in the medulla?

    Pyramids contain motor tracts where most fibers cross (decussate) to control voluntary movement.

  • What is the function of the pons and midbrain?

    The pons relays signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum; the midbrain controls eye movement and auditory/visual processing.

  • What is the function of the cerebellum?

    The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movement, balance, and posture.

  • What is the role of the thalamus?

    The thalamus acts as a relay center for sensory information going to the cerebral cortex.

  • What is the role of the hypothalamus?

    The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis, controls the autonomic nervous system, and links the nervous and endocrine systems.

  • What do tropic hormones do?

    Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones.

  • What is the target of tropic hormones?

    Their target is other endocrine glands.

  • What does the pineal gland do?

    The pineal gland secretes melatonin, regulating circadian rhythms.

  • What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

    The pituitary has an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).

  • Name the eight major anterior pituitary hormones

    Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and endorphins.

  • Which anterior pituitary hormones are tropic?

    Thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone are tropic.

  • What is hypertrophy?

    Hypertrophy is the increase in size of an organ or tissue due to cell enlargement.

  • What is atrophy?

    Atrophy is the decrease in size of an organ or tissue due to cell shrinkage or loss.

  • Name the two hormones of the posterior pituitary

    Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

  • Which cerebral cortex area is the primary motor cortex located in?

    The primary motor cortex is located in the frontal lobe and controls voluntary movement.

  • Where is the primary somatosensory cortex and its function?

    Located in the parietal lobe, it processes sensory information from the body.

  • Where is the primary visual cortex and its function?

    Located in the occipital lobe, it processes visual information.

  • Where is the primary auditory cortex and its function?

    Located in the temporal lobe, it processes auditory information.

  • Where is the primary olfactory cortex and its function?

    Located in the temporal lobe, it processes smell information.

  • Where is the primary gustatory cortex and its function?

    Located in the insula and parietal lobe, it processes taste information.