IndietroAnatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Study Guide
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Termini in questo insieme (29)
Anatomy is the study of body structure (what it is, looks like, and where it is). Physiology is the study of body function (what it does and how it works).
Gross/macroscopic anatomy studies structures visible to the naked eye. Microscopic anatomy studies structures requiring magnification.
Cytology is the study of cells. Histology is the study of tissues.
Cell physiology: functions of cells. Organ physiology: functions of specific organs. Systemic physiology: functions of organ systems.
Pathology is the study of disease. Sign is an objective observation (e.g., fever). Symptom is subjective, reported by the patient (e.g., pain).
Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism.
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
An organ is 2+ tissue types working together for specific functions. An organ system is a group of organs working together.
Protection, temperature regulation, and sensation via skin, hair, and nails.
Support, protection, movement with muscles, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
Movement, posture maintenance, and heat production.
Respiratory system exchanges O₂ and CO₂. Cardiovascular system transports gases to and from tissues.
Homeostasis is maintaining a relatively stable internal environment within normal limits.
Conditions continually fluctuate within normal limits; stability does not mean unchanging.
Autoregulation is a local automatic response. Extrinsic regulation involves nervous or endocrine system control from outside the organ.
Receptor detects stimulus, control center processes info and directs response, effector carries out commands.
Receptor → sensory neuron → control center → motor neuron → effector.
Response reverses the original change to return conditions toward normal (e.g., sweating when hot).
Response amplifies the original change until a process is complete (e.g., childbirth contractions).
Tissue
A group of similar cells working together
Nervous System
rapid control and coordination; detects/responds to changes.
Endocrine system
hormones; longer-term regulation of growth, metabolism, reproduction, etc.
Cardiovascular system
heart + blood + blood vessels → transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes.
Lymphatic system
returns excess tissue fluid to blood; helps defend against infection/disease.
Digestive system
breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
Urinary system
removes wastes from blood; regulates fluid/water and electrolytes.
Male reproductive
produces sperm and male sex hormones.
Female reproductive
produces eggs and female sex hormones; supports embryo/fetus development.