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Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Study Guide

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Termini in questo insieme (23)

  • Define anatomy and its subdivisions
    Anatomy is the study of body structure. Subdivisions include gross anatomy (regional, systemic, surface), microscopic anatomy (cytology, histology), and developmental anatomy (embryology).
  • Define physiology and its subdivisions
    Physiology is the study of body function. Subdivisions include renal physiology, neurophysiology, and cardiovascular physiology.
  • Basic tools used by health professionals to study the human body
    Anatomical terminology, observation, palpation, manipulation, and auscultation.
  • Principle of complementarity of structure and function
    The function of a body part depends on its structure, and the structure is designed to perform its specific function.
  • Nine levels of structural organization in the human body
    Subatomic particle, atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
  • Eight necessary life functions
    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.
  • Five survival needs of the body
    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure.
  • List the 11 organ systems of the body
    Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive.
  • Define homeostasis
    The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
  • Basic components of a homeostatic control mechanism
    Variable, set point, stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, and response.
  • Negative feedback mechanism
    A response that reduces or shuts off the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis.
  • Positive feedback mechanism
    A response that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, usually to complete a process.
  • Define homeostatic imbalance
    A disturbance in homeostasis that can lead to disease or dysfunction.
  • Anatomical position
    Body standing upright, facing forward, feet flat, arms at sides with palms facing forward.
  • Major directional terms in anatomy
    Superior, inferior, medial, lateral, intermediate, anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal), superficial, deep, proximal, distal.
  • Major planes of body section
    Transverse (horizontal), sagittal (midsagittal, parasagittal), frontal (coronal), and oblique.
  • Common medical imaging procedures
    X-rays, computed tomography (CT), digital subtraction angiography, positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound.
  • Two major body cavities and their subdivisions
    Dorsal body cavity (cranial, vertebral) and ventral body cavity (thoracic, abdominopelvic).
  • Structure and function of serous membranes
    Serous membranes have visceral and parietal layers that secrete fluid to reduce friction around organs.
  • Serous membranes of the ventral body cavity
    Pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), and peritoneum (abdominopelvic organs).
  • Four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity
    Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower quadrants.
  • Nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity
    Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric, right and left lumbar, umbilical, right and left iliac (inguinal), hypogastric (pubic).
  • Five smaller body cavities
    Oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear, and synovial cavities.