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Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation

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Termini in questo insieme (24)

  • What is anatomy?
    Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
  • What are the main categories of anatomy?
    Gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy (cytology and histology), pathological anatomy, and radiographic anatomy.
  • What is physiology?
    Physiology studies the function of the body and its parts, often organized by organ systems.
  • What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
    The form of a body part reflects its function; structure and function are closely related.
  • List the levels of structural organization in the human body.
    Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal levels.
  • Name the four basic tissue types.
    Epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous tissues.
  • What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?
    Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
  • What is homeostasis?
    A dynamic state of equilibrium in which internal conditions vary but remain within narrow limits.
  • What are the components of a homeostatic control system?
    Variable, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, and effector.
  • Describe negative feedback in homeostasis.
    A response that reduces or shuts off the original stimulus, returning the variable to its set point.
  • Describe positive feedback in homeostasis.
    A response that enhances the original stimulus, causing the variable to deviate further from its set point.
  • Give an example of a negative feedback loop.
    Regulation of body temperature or blood glucose levels.
  • Give an example of a positive feedback loop.
    Blood clotting and labor contractions.
  • What are the necessary life functions?
    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.
  • What are the survival needs of the human body?
    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.
  • What is the anatomical position?
    Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.
  • What are the two major body divisions?
    Axial (head, neck, trunk) and appendicular (limbs).
  • Define the sagittal plane.
    A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left parts.
  • Define the frontal (coronal) plane.
    A vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.
  • Define the transverse (horizontal) plane.
    A horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
  • Name the major body cavities.
    Dorsal cavity (cranial and vertebral) and ventral cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic).
  • What is the function of serous membranes?
    They line body cavities and cover organs, producing fluid to reduce friction during organ movement.
  • What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?
    Right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants.
  • What is the difference between gross and microscopic anatomy?
    Gross anatomy studies structures visible to the naked eye; microscopic anatomy studies structures at the cellular or tissue level.