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Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 2 & 3 Key Concepts

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  • What are the four main elements that make up about 96% of the human body?

    Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up about 96% of the human body.

  • What are the three states of matter and their shape and volume characteristics?

    Solid: definite shape and volume.
    Liquid: changeable shape, definite volume.
    Gas: changeable shape and volume.

  • What subatomic particles make up an atom and their charges?

    Protons (+), Neutrons (neutral), Electrons (-).

  • Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?

    Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus at the center of the atom.

  • What is the atomic number of an element?

    The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

  • What is an ion?

    An ion is an atom with a positive or negative charge due to an uneven number of protons and electrons.

  • What is the difference between a compound and a mixture?

    Compounds involve chemical bonding and are homogenous; mixtures are physical combinations that can be homogenous or heterogenous and can be separated physically.

  • What are the three types of mixtures in the body?

    Solutions (homogenous), Colloids (heterogenous but mixed), Suspensions (heterogenous and visibly separated).

  • What is chemical energy?

    Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of chemical substances.

  • What is the cell theory?

    All cells come from other cells.

  • What is the plasma membrane composed of?

    A double or bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins and carbohydrate chains.

  • What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and what part is hydrophilic?

    The fatty acid tail is hydrophobic (water-hating), and the phosphate head is hydrophilic (water-loving).

  • What is selective permeability of the plasma membrane?

    The plasma membrane allows only certain substances to pass through it.

  • What are integral proteins in the plasma membrane?

    Proteins embedded in the membrane that are important for selective permeability and transport.

  • What is the glycocalyx and its function?

    The glycocalyx is a sugar coating on the cell surface that helps with self-recognition.

  • Name three types of cell junctions and their general functions.

    Tight junctions: seal cells tightly (e.g., epithelial tissue).
    Desmosomes: anchor cells together.
    Gap junctions: allow communication between cells.

  • What is the difference between passive and active membrane transport?

    Passive transport requires no energy and moves substances down their concentration gradient; active transport requires energy to move substances against the gradient.

  • What are the types of passive membrane transport?

    Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion (through integral proteins), and osmosis.

  • What is ATP's role in the cell?

    ATP provides energy for cellular processes, including active transport.

  • What is homeostatic imbalance and its cellular origin?

    Homeostatic imbalance begins with cells malfunctioning, such as in cancer.