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Anatomy & Physiology: Chemistry & Biochemistry Fundamentals

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  • What are the 4 major elements found in the human body?

    Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N)

  • What are the 3 parts of an atom and their charges?

    Proton: positive charge (+1), Neutron: no charge, Electron: negative charge (-1)

  • Difference between cation and anion?

    Cation: positively charged ion (lost electrons), Anion: negatively charged ion (gained electrons)

  • What is a chemical bond?

    An energy relationship between valence electrons of two atoms that holds them together.

  • Types of chemical bonds important in physiology?

    Ionic, Polar covalent, Non-polar covalent, and Hydrogen bonds

  • How do ionic and covalent bonds differ?

    Ionic bonds involve transfer of electrons; covalent bonds involve sharing electrons.

  • Difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds?

    Polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally; non-polar covalent bonds share electrons equally.

  • What are anabolic and catabolic reactions?

    Anabolic: build complex molecules, energy-consuming; Catabolic: break down molecules, energy-releasing.

  • Define solvent, solute, and concentration.

    Solvent: substance in greatest amount; Solute: dissolved substance; Concentration: amount of solute per volume.

  • List 5 properties of water essential for life.

    High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning.

  • What defines an acid and a base in physiology?

    Acid: releases H+ ions; Base: removes H+ ions from solution.

  • What is the pH scale and its significance?

    Measures H+ concentration; 7 is neutral, <7 acidic, >7 alkaline; vital for homeostasis.

  • What are the four classes of organic molecules?

    Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids

  • What is a polymer and how are polymers formed and broken down?

    Polymers are large molecules made of monomers; formed by dehydration synthesis, broken by hydrolysis.

  • What are monosaccharides? Give examples.

    Simple carbohydrate monomers like glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, and ribose.

  • What are disaccharides and how are they formed?

    Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis; examples include sucrose, maltose, lactose.

  • What is glycogen and its function?

    A polysaccharide made of glucose units; stores energy in liver and skeletal muscle.

  • Describe the structure and function of triglycerides.

    One glycerol + three fatty acids; stores energy, insulates, cushions tissues.

  • What are phospholipids and their role in cells?

    One glycerol, one phosphate group, two fatty acids; form bilayers making up cell membranes.

  • What is cholesterol and its importance?

    A steroid with 4 hydrocarbon rings; basis for all steroids, part of cell membranes, precursor for hormones.

  • What are amino acids and their general structure?

    Building blocks of proteins; contain amine group, acid group, hydrogen, and variable R group.

  • How are amino acids linked in proteins?

    By peptide bonds formed via dehydration synthesis between amine and acid groups.

  • Why is the amino acid sequence important for proteins?

    Determines protein folding and function; mutations can alter structure and function.

  • What are nucleotides and their components?

    Monomers of nucleic acids; consist of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.

  • Describe the structure of DNA.

    Double helix of two nucleotide polymers; bases pair complementarily (A-T, G-C); stores genetic info.

  • How does RNA differ from DNA?

    Single nucleotide polymer; sugar is ribose; uracil replaces thymine; builds proteins using DNA info.