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Anatomy & Physiology: Chemistry and Physiological Reactions

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • What are the three subatomic particles of an atom and their charges?
    Protons (+), Neutrons (no charge), and Electrons (-)
  • What defines the atomic number of an element?
    The number of protons in an atom, unique to each element.
  • What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?
    A molecule is two or more atoms of the same element bonded; a compound has two or more different kinds of atoms bonded.
  • What are the three types of mixtures in the body?
    Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions.
  • How do solutions differ from colloids and suspensions?

    Solutions are homogeneous with tiny solute particles that do not settle; colloids have larger particles that scatter light but do not settle (jello); suspensions have large particles that settle out (sand and water).

  • What is an ionic bond?
    A bond formed by the transfer of electrons creating oppositely charged ions that attract.
  • What is a covalent bond?
    A bond formed by the sharing of valence electrons between atoms.
  • What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?
    Polar bonds have unequal sharing of electrons; nonpolar bonds have equal sharing.
  • What is a hydrogen bond?
    A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another.
  • What are the three major types of chemical bonds ranked by strength?
    Covalent bonds (strongest), ionic bonds (intermediate), hydrogen bonds (weakest).
  • What are synthesis reactions?
    Chemical reactions where smaller particles bond to form larger, more complex molecules.
  • What are decomposition reactions?
    Reactions where bonds are broken in larger molecules to form smaller molecules or atoms.
  • What are exchange reactions?
    Reactions where bonds are both made and broken, involving synthesis and decomposition.
  • How does temperature affect the rate of chemical reactions?
    Increasing temperature generally increases the reaction rate.
  • What role do catalysts play in chemical reactions?
    Catalysts increase reaction rate without being consumed; enzymes are biological catalysts.
  • What are the main inorganic compounds essential for life?
    Water, salts, and many acids and bases.
  • Why is water important in physiology?
    Water has high heat capacity, acts as a polar solvent, participates in reactions, and cushions organs.
  • What are salts and why are they important?
    Ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water; ions conduct electrical currents and are vital for body functions.
  • What defines an acid in chemistry?
    An acid is a proton donor that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.
  • What defines a base in chemistry?
    A base is a proton acceptor that picks up H+ ions and releases hydroxyl ions (OH-) in solution.
  • What is pH and what does it measure?
    pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+); acidic solutions have low pH, basic solutions have high pH.
  • What is a buffer and its function?
    Buffers resist large pH changes by releasing or binding hydrogen ions to maintain homeostasis.

  • What 4 things increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

    Temperature, concentration of reactants, small size of particles, pH

  • What is biochemistry?

    The study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter.

  • What is pleurisy?

    An inflammation of the pleurae, which causes the membranes to stick together, drag across one another, and cause severe pain.

  • What is peritonitis

    inflammation of Parietal pericardium

  • The serous membrane or serosa

    A thin, double-layered membrane that lines the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains. Seperated into parietal (walls) and visceral serosa (organs)

  • Parietal and visceral pleurae

    The parietal pleurae lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, and the visceral covers the lungs.

  • What are the parietal and visceral peritoneum?

    The parietal peritoneum is associated with the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity, while the visceral peritoneum covers most of the organs within that cavity.