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Anatomy & Physiology Core Concepts and Systems

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Termini in questo insieme (27)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of how structures are arranged together in the body.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of how structures function with each other.

  • Name the biological levels of organization from simplest to most complex.

    Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

  • What are the main functions of living organisms?

    Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction.

  • What is the integumentary system responsible for?

    Protects the body from the external environment, produces vitamin D, retains water, and regulates body temperature.

  • What is the primary function of the muscular system?

    Produces movement, controls body openings, and generates heat.

  • List key functions of the skeletal system.

    Supports the body, protects internal organs, provides leverage for movement, produces blood cells, and stores calcium salts.

  • How does the nervous system control the body?

    Regulates body functions through rapid communication using action potentials.

  • What is the role of the endocrine system?

    Controls body functions slowly through hormones secreted by glands.

  • Describe the cardiovascular system's main functions.

    Pumps and delivers blood, exchanges nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body.

  • What is the lymphatic system's function?

    Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system and provides immunity against disease.

  • What does the respiratory system do?

    Delivers oxygen to the blood, removes carbon dioxide, and maintains acid-base balance.

  • What is the digestive system's primary role?

    Obtains nutrients from ingested food.

  • What are the main functions of the urinary system?

    Removes metabolic wastes, regulates blood volume and composition, acid-base balance, and stimulates blood cell production.

  • What functions does the reproductive system serve?

    Produces and transports gametes, secretes hormones, and supports fetal development (female).

  • What is the anatomical position?

    Body upright, facing observer, head and eyes forward, feet flat and forward, upper limbs to sides, palms facing forward.

  • Define the directional terms: anterior vs. posterior.

    Anterior means front; posterior means back.

  • What are the three main body planes?

    Sagittal (left-right), frontal (anterior-posterior), transverse (superior-inferior).

  • What are serous membranes and their layers?

    Membranes lining body cavities not open to exterior; have parietal (outer) and visceral (inner) layers with serous fluid between.

  • What is homeostasis?

    Dynamic equilibrium of internal variables maintained by functional interactions and body fluids.

  • What are the components of a feedback system?

    Receptor, control center, and effector regulate a controlled condition in response to a stimulus.

  • Differentiate negative and positive feedback.

    Negative feedback inhibits changes to maintain stability; positive feedback enhances changes, e.g., blood clotting.

  • What is the significance of cell-to-cell communication?

    Coordinates body functions essential for homeostasis and physiological processes.

  • What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants used for?

    Describing the site of pain or abnormalities using sagittal and transverse lines crossing at the umbilicus.

  • Name the nine abdominopelvic regions.

    Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric, right and left lumbar, umbilical, right and left iliac, hypogastric.

  • What is the core principle of structure and function?

    Structure and function are interrelated; the shape of a structure relates to its role.

  • How do gradients influence physiological processes?

    Gradients drive movement of substances and energy, essential for processes like diffusion and nerve impulses.