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Anatomy & Physiology: Endocrine and Cardiovascular Systems

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • Primary, secondary, and secondary neuroendocrine organs
    Primary organs produce hormones as their main function; secondary organs have other main functions but also secrete hormones; secondary neuroendocrine organs have neural and endocrine functions.
  • Anterior pituitary hormones
    Includes hormones like GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and PRL; they target various glands and tissues to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and lactation.
  • Posterior pituitary hormones
    Releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which regulate uterine contractions, milk ejection, and water balance.
  • Hypothalamus role in endocrine system
    Controls the pituitary gland by producing releasing and inhibiting hormones; acts as a primary neuroendocrine organ.
  • Adrenal gland structure
    Consists of a capsule, cortex (with three layers: zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis), and medulla producing steroid hormones and catecholamines.
  • Pancreas endocrine vs. exocrine portions
    Islets of Langerhans are endocrine, secreting insulin and glucagon; acini are exocrine, producing digestive enzymes.
  • Type 1 vs. Type 2 diabetes
    Type 1 is autoimmune destruction of beta cells causing insulin deficiency; Type 2 is insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency.
  • Heart chambers and their function
    Right atrium and ventricle pump deoxygenated blood to lungs; left atrium and ventricle pump oxygenated blood to the body.
  • Direction of blood flow through the heart
    Blood flows: body → superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body.
  • Coronary arteries
    Include the right coronary artery, left coronary artery, anterior interventricular artery, and circumflex artery; they supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
  • Coronary veins
    Include the great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, and coronary sinus; they drain deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle.
  • Cardiac muscle histology features
    Contains intercalated discs for cell connection, myocytes as muscle cells, and centrally located myocyte nuclei.
  • ECG waves and their significance
    P wave: atrial depolarization; QRS complex: ventricular depolarization; T wave: ventricular repolarization.
  • Cardiac output (CO) formula
    CO = \(SV \times HR\), where SV is stroke volume and HR is heart rate.
  • Great vessels of the heart
    Include the aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and superior and inferior vena cava.
  • Heart external anatomy landmarks
    Includes the apex, base, left and right auricles, ligamentum arteriosum, and anterior interventricular sulcus.
  • Heart internal anatomy structures
    Includes atria, ventricles, interventricular septum, pectinate muscles, trabeculae carneae, and valves.
  • Atrioventricular valves
    The tricuspid valve on the right and the bicuspid (mitral) valve on the left prevent backflow into atria during ventricular contraction.
  • Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
    Chordae tendineae connect valve cusps to papillary muscles, preventing valve prolapse during ventricular contraction.
  • Heart tissue layers
    From outer to inner: fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium (parietal and visceral layers), myocardium, and endocardium.
  • Cardiac tamponade
    A condition where fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity compresses the heart, impairing its function.
  • Fossa ovalis function
    A remnant of the fetal foramen ovale, allowing blood to bypass the lungs before birth.