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Anatomy & Physiology: Endocrine System and Blood Components

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  • What are endocrine glands?

    Endocrine glands are glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions.

  • Which gland secretes insulin and what is its function?

    The pancreas secretes insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular glucose uptake.

  • What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete and its primary function?

    The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4), which regulates metabolism and energy use.

  • Name the hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and its effect.

    The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine, which increases heart rate and prepares the body for 'fight or flight'.

  • What are the main components of blood?

    Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

  • What is the primary function of red blood cells?

    Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

  • List the five types of white blood cells (WBCs).

    The five types of WBCs are neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

  • What is the role of neutrophils?

    Neutrophils are the first responders to infection and perform phagocytosis to destroy bacteria.

  • What function do lymphocytes serve?

    Lymphocytes are involved in adaptive immunity, including producing antibodies and killing infected cells.

  • How do monocytes contribute to immunity?

    Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to engulf pathogens and present antigens.

  • What is the function of eosinophils?

    Eosinophils combat parasitic infections and modulate allergic inflammatory responses.

  • What role do basophils play in the immune system?

    Basophils release histamine and other chemicals during allergic reactions and inflammation.

  • What determines a person's blood type?

    Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma.

  • What antigens and antibodies are present in blood type A?

    Type A blood has A antigens on RBCs and anti-B antibodies in plasma.

  • Describe the antigens and antibodies in blood type B.

    Type B blood has B antigens on RBCs and anti-A antibodies in plasma.

  • What characterizes blood type AB?

    Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on RBCs and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma.

  • What antibodies and antigens are found in blood type O?

    Type O blood has no A or B antigens on RBCs but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma.

  • What is the Rh factor in blood typing?

    The Rh factor is a protein antigen; blood is Rh-positive if present and Rh-negative if absent.

  • Why is understanding blood typing important for transfusions?

    Matching blood types prevents immune reactions caused by antibodies attacking incompatible antigens during transfusions.

  • What is the function of platelets in blood?

    Platelets help in blood clotting by aggregating at injury sites to prevent bleeding.