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Anatomy & Physiology: Endocrine System and Microscope Basics

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  • What is the function of the compound microscope's scanning lens?
    The scanning lens (4X) is used first to locate the specimen and focus using the coarse focus knob.
  • What are the magnifications of the ocular and objective lenses on a compound microscope?
    Ocular lens magnification is 10X; objective lenses include scanning 4X, low power 10X, and high power 40X.
  • What safety rules should be followed in an anatomy lab?
    Work only during assigned periods with an instructor, no eating/drinking, wear covered shoes, no shorts, upper body covered, and report accidents immediately.
  • What personal protective equipment is recommended when handling biohazardous materials?
    Wear gloves, safety goggles, covered shoes, avoid inhaling vapors, do not wear contact lenses, and wash hands thoroughly.
  • How should broken glass and biohazardous waste be disposed of in the lab?
    Use a broom and dustpan for broken glass; place biohazardous waste like animal parts and contaminated gloves in red biohazard bags.
  • What distinguishes the endocrine system from the nervous system in body coordination?
    The nervous system uses neurotransmitters for rapid effects; the endocrine system secretes hormones into the bloodstream for slower, longer-lasting effects.
  • What are endocrine glands and how do they function?
    Endocrine glands are ductless organs that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to act on specific target cells.
  • Name the major endocrine glands in the human body.
    Pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, and gonads.
  • What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
    TSH, PRL, FSH, LH, ACTH, and GH.
  • What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and their targets?
    ADH targets kidneys to regulate water; oxytocin targets uterus to stimulate contractions.
  • What is the role of the hypothalamus in hormone regulation?
    It produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate anterior pituitary secretion and directly releases hormones via the posterior pituitary.
  • What are the three cell types in the anterior pituitary and their secretions?
    Acidophils secrete growth hormone and prolactin; basophils secrete TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH; chromophobes have released their hormones.
  • What is the function of pinealocytes in the pineal gland?
    Pinealocytes secrete melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms and decreases with light exposure.
  • Describe the structure and hormone production of the thyroid gland.
    Composed of follicles with colloid containing thyroglobulin; follicle cells produce T3 and T4 to increase metabolic rate; parafollicular cells produce calcitonin to lower blood calcium.
  • What hormones do the parathyroid glands secrete and their function?
    Chief cells secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases blood calcium levels.
  • What are the two main regions of the adrenal gland and their hormone products?
    The cortex produces corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids); the medulla produces catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
  • Name the three layers of the adrenal cortex and their secretions.
    Zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone); zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids (cortisol); zona reticularis produces gonadocorticoids (androgens).
  • What are the main endocrine cell types in the pancreatic islets and their secretions?
    Alpha cells secrete glucagon; beta cells secrete insulin; delta cells secrete somatostatin.
  • How do insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels?
    Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake; glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown.
  • What is the role of somatostatin in the pancreas?
    Somatostatin inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin, regulating the balance of blood glucose.