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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1: Chapters 17-19 Key Concepts

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  • Where are light rays focused in an individual with myopia?
    Light rays are focused in front of the retina in myopia.
  • What are the two main components of the fibrous layer of the eyeball?
    The fibrous layer consists of the sclera and cornea.
  • Which part of the vascular layer absorbs excess light to prevent reflection?
    The choroid absorbs excess light to prevent reflection and scattering.
  • Which cranial nerve provides sensory input for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
    The facial nerve (CN VII) provides sensory input for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
  • Which area of the retina provides the sharpest vision?
    The fovea provides the sharpest vision.
  • Which layer of the eyeball is responsible for protection and muscle attachment?
    The sclera provides protection and muscle attachment.
  • What is the most common second messenger in signal transduction pathways?
    cAMP is the most common second messenger.
  • Which cell type produces insulin?
    Beta (β) cells produce insulin.
  • Which autonomic nervous system division releases acetylcholine at both pre- and postganglionic fibers?
    The parasympathetic division releases acetylcholine at both pre- and postganglionic fibers.
  • What is true about hormone receptors located in the plasma membrane?
    They initiate cellular responses through signal transduction pathways.
  • What does hematocrit measure?
    Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in total blood volume.
  • Which factor does NOT cause a reduction in hematocrit?
    Dehydration does not reduce hematocrit; it can increase it.
  • Why does hemoglobin change color?
    Hemoglobin changes color due to the change in the electronic state of iron in the heme group when binding or releasing oxygen.
  • What is the primary function of red blood cells?
    The primary function is gas transport, mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide.