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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Key Concepts

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • What is the definition of Anatomy and Physiology?

    Anatomy is the study of body structure, and Physiology is the study of body function.

  • What are organ systems?

    Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform all functions of the body.

  • What is the 'Start codon' in mRNA?

    The 'Start codon' in mRNA is AUG, signaling the beginning of protein synthesis.

  • How can you recognize a 'Positive and Negative Feedback' mechanism?

    Positive feedback amplifies changes; Negative feedback reverses changes to maintain homeostasis.

  • Where are 'Quadrants' located on the body?

    Quadrants divide the abdomen into four sections: right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower.

  • What is the definition of Homeostasis?

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • What are Catabolism and Anabolism in chemical reactions?

    Catabolism breaks down molecules to release energy; Anabolism builds complex molecules using energy.

  • What are the main planes and regions of the body?

    Planes: sagittal, frontal, transverse. Regions include abdominal, thoracic, pelvic, etc.

  • What is the cell membrane/plasma membrane made of?

    The cell membrane is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

  • How do molecules move through the membrane of a cell?

    By osmosis (water), diffusion (molecules), facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

  • What are the general functions of organelles?

    Organelles perform specific functions: nucleus (control), mitochondria (energy), ribosomes (protein synthesis), etc.

  • What are the components of a control mechanism?

    Receptor (detects change), control center (processes info), effector (responds to change).

  • What are the body cavities and what do they hold?

    Pericardial (heart), pleural (lungs), and peritoneal (abdominal organs) cavities.

  • What are the different bonds between molecules and how do they generally describe?

    Ionic bond (transfer of electrons), covalent bond (sharing electrons), hydrogen bond (weak attraction).

  • What are the general characteristics of the phases of mitosis?

    Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase - stages of cell division with distinct events.

  • What is the difference between hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions?

    Hypertonic: cell shrinks; isotonic: no change; hypotonic: cell swells.

  • What is meant by 'Membrane Potential'?

    Electrical charge difference across a membrane created by ion distribution.

  • What determines an element?

    The number of protons in the nucleus defines an element.

  • What makes water 'sticky' and what do we call this characteristic?

    Hydrogen bonds make water sticky; this is called surface tension.

  • How do we store glucose in the body?

    Glucose is stored as glycogen, a polysaccharide.

  • What are V-snares, T-snares, and clathrin used for?

    They are proteins involved in vesicle docking and transport during endocytosis and exocytosis.

  • What are the protein structures that define each stage of mitosis?

    Spindle fibers and centromeres organize chromosome movement during mitosis stages.