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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Key Concepts

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Difference between anatomy and physiology
    Anatomy is the study of body structure; physiology is the study of body function.
  • Levels of organization in the human body
    From smallest to largest: atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
  • Definition of homeostasis
    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
  • Components of a negative feedback loop
    Includes receptor, control center, set point, and effector; it maintains homeostasis by reversing changes.
  • Role of negative feedback loops
    They maintain stability by detecting deviations and initiating responses to return to set points.
  • Example of a negative feedback loop
    Regulation of body temperature: receptors detect temperature change, control center signals effectors to adjust heat production or loss.
  • Definition of positive feedback loop
    A loop that amplifies a response, pushing conditions further from the starting point; no set point.
  • Example of a positive feedback loop
    Blood clotting: platelets release chemicals that attract more platelets until bleeding stops.
  • Atom and its three components
    An atom consists of protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative).
  • Four main elements in human molecules
    Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up most human molecules.
  • Atomic number vs atomic mass
    Atomic number = number of protons; atomic mass = protons + neutrons.
  • Three types of chemical bonds
    Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds.
  • Polar vs non-polar covalent bonds
    Polar covalent bonds have unequal electron sharing (e.g., water); non-polar share electrons equally (e.g., C-C bonds).
  • Unique property of water due to hydrogen bonds
    Water's surface tension and cohesion result from many weak hydrogen bonds.
  • Definition of organic compound
    Compounds containing carbon bonded to hydrogen, e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
  • Difference between monomer and polymer
    Monomer is a single unit; polymer is many monomers linked together.
  • Four main organic molecule categories
    Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
  • Characteristics of lipids
    Lipids are hydrophobic; main types include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids.
  • Amphipathic nature of phospholipids
    Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
  • Definition of enzyme and catalyst
    An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.
  • Role of ATP
    ATP stores and provides energy for cellular processes.
  • Three parts of a cell
    Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
  • Composition of plasma membrane
    Made of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
  • Difference between integral and peripheral proteins
    Integral proteins span the membrane; peripheral proteins attach to the membrane surface.
  • Definition of passive transport
    Movement of substances across membranes without energy input.
  • Types of passive transport
    Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
  • Sodium-Potassium pump function
    Active transport moving 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell using ATP.
  • Difference between mitosis and meiosis
    Mitosis produces identical body cells; meiosis produces sperm and egg cells with half chromosomes.
  • Naming epithelial tissues
    Named by layers (simple or stratified) and shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).