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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Review

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Difference between anatomy and physiology
    Anatomy studies body structure; physiology studies body function. Specializations include surface, regional, developmental anatomy, histology, cytology, pathophysiology, and regional physiology.
  • Components of homeostatic control system
    Includes receptor (detects change), control center (processes info), and effector (responds to restore balance).
  • Negative vs positive feedback
    Negative feedback opposes initial change (e.g., temperature regulation). Positive feedback amplifies change (e.g., labor contractions, blood clotting).
  • Hierarchical levels of organization in the body
    Chemical → organelle → cellular → tissue → organ → organ system → organism; each level builds on the previous.
  • Purpose of anatomical position
    Standard reference posture to describe body parts and positions consistently; standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward.
  • Directional terms: superior and inferior
    Superior means above; inferior means below another structure.
  • Directional terms: medial and lateral
    Medial means toward the midline; lateral means away from the midline.
  • Body planes used for sectioning
    Transverse (horizontal), coronal (frontal), and sagittal (left/right) planes.
  • Four abdominopelvic quadrants and key organs
    Right upper (liver, gallbladder), left upper (stomach, spleen), right lower (appendix), left lower (colon).
  • Body cavities and serous membranes
    Dorsal (cranial, spinal) and ventral (thoracic, abdominopelvic) cavities; serous membranes have parietal (body wall) and visceral (organ) layers.
  • Six common elements in the human body (CHNOPS)
    Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur.
  • Atomic structure basics
    Atoms have protons (+), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (-). Atomic number = protons; atomic mass = protons + neutrons.
  • Ionic vs covalent bonds
    Ionic bonds transfer electrons (cation/anion). Covalent bonds share electrons; can be polar (unequal sharing) or nonpolar (equal sharing).
  • Hydrogen bonds
    Weak intermolecular attractions between polar molecules, important for water properties and protein structure.
  • Types of chemical reactions
    Synthesis (build), decomposition (breakdown), reversible, and exchange reactions.
  • Activation energy and enzymes
    Activation energy (Ea) is energy needed to start a reaction; enzymes lower Ea to speed reactions.
  • pH scale and buffer function
    pH measures acidity (0-14); acids donate protons, bases accept protons; buffers maintain stable pH by neutralizing acids/bases.
  • Monomers of major macromolecules
    Carbohydrates: monosaccharides; Proteins: amino acids; Lipids: fatty acids and glycerol; Nucleic acids: nucleotides.
  • Peptide bond in proteins
    Covalent bond linking amino acids in proteins formed by dehydration synthesis.
  • DNA vs RNA differences
    DNA is double-stranded, stores genetic info; RNA is single-stranded, involved in protein synthesis.
  • Base pairing in nucleic acids
    Purines (A, G) pair with pyrimidines (T, C in DNA; U replaces T in RNA) via hydrogen bonds.
  • Cell membrane structure
    Phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins controlling material transport.
  • Passive transport types
    Simple diffusion, osmosis (water movement), and facilitated diffusion (protein channels); no energy required.
  • Active transport mechanisms
    Requires energy; includes primary active transport (e.g., Na-K pump) and vesicular transport (endocytosis, exocytosis).
  • Stages of mitosis
    Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase; followed by cytokinesis (cell division).
  • Difference between mitosis and meiosis
    Mitosis produces 2 identical somatic cells; meiosis produces 4 genetically unique germ cells with half chromosome number.
  • DNA replication is semiconservative
    Each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
  • Protein synthesis steps
    Transcription (DNA to mRNA in nucleus) and translation (mRNA to protein at ribosome).
  • Triplets, codons, and anticodons
    DNA triplets transcribed to mRNA codons; tRNA anticodons pair with codons during translation.