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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Review

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Levels of biological organization

    Atoms/molecules → organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere.

  • Homeostasis definition

    Dynamic regulation of internal conditions, not constancy.

  • Homeostasis feedback loop steps

    Stimulus/change → receptor → control center → effector → response.

  • Negative feedback

    Reduces deviation from a regulated condition to restore balance.

  • Positive feedback

    Amplifies change until an endpoint is reached.

  • Risk model in biology

    Risk = Dose × Exposure; risk changes if dose or exposure changes.

  • Matter conservation in biological reactions

    Atoms are rearranged but not created or destroyed in chemical reactions.

  • Types of chemical bonds important in biology

    Ionic, covalent, polar covalent, and hydrogen bonds.

  • Why water is important biologically

    Polarity and hydrogen bonding make water the body's major solvent and reaction environment.

  • Functions of macromolecules: carbohydrates

    Sugars used primarily for cellular energy.

  • Functions of macromolecules: lipids

    Largely hydrophobic molecules for membranes and energy storage.

  • Functions of macromolecules: proteins

    Amino acid polymers serving as enzymes, receptors, transporters, and structural components.

  • Functions of macromolecules: nucleic acids

    Nucleotide polymers like DNA and RNA that store genetic information.

  • Protein synthesis pathway

    DNA → RNA → ribosome → protein → processing/transport → destination.

  • Plasma membrane function

    Selective boundary controlling what crosses; lipid structure and membrane proteins determine transport and communication.

  • Passive transport types

    Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion; moves substances down gradients without energy.

  • Active transport

    Energy-dependent movement of substances against gradients using pumps.

  • Osmosis definition

    Net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane due to solute concentration differences.

  • Membrane potential

    Electrical difference across the membrane caused by unequal ion distributions.

  • Information flow in cells

    DNA → transcription → RNA → translation → protein → cellular function.

  • Cell cycle main phases

    Growth/function → DNA replication → preparation → mitosis → cell division.

  • Four fundamental tissue types

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

  • Epithelial tissue function

    Boundaries, protection, absorption, secretion, and exchange.

  • Connective tissue function

    Support, connection, protection, storage, and transport.

  • Muscle tissue function

    Force generation and movement.

  • Nervous tissue function

    Communication and control.

  • Relationship between tissue structure and function

    Cell shape and number of layers predict epithelial tissue function; extracellular matrix is key in connective tissue.

  • Chain of biological effects example

    Solute concentration changes → osmosis → cell volume changes → tissue function changes → organ function changes → homeostatic response.

  • Why must DNA replication precede mitosis?

    To ensure daughter cells receive complete genetic information.