Skip to main content
Indietro

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Review

I pulsanti di controllo sono stati cambiati in modalità "navigazione".
1/28

Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • Levels of organization in the human body

    Atom > molecule > organelle > cell > tissue > organ > organ system > organism

  • Function of organ systems

    Each organ system has a specific role, such as circulation, digestion, respiration, or protection, to maintain overall body function and homeostasis.

  • Examples of necessary life functions

    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

  • Five survival needs of the body

    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

  • Three components of feedback mechanisms

    Receptor: detects change; Control center: processes information; Effector: responds to restore balance.

  • Afferent vs. efferent pathways in feedback

    Afferent: signals to control center; Efferent: signals from control center to effector.

  • Difference between positive and negative feedback

    Negative feedback: reverses a change to maintain homeostasis; Positive feedback: amplifies a change, usually to complete a process.

  • Anatomical directional terms

    Examples include superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, and superficial/deep.

  • Body cavities: dorsal vs ventral

    Dorsal cavity: includes cranial and spinal cavities; Ventral cavity: includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

  • Subatomic particles of an atom

    Protons: positive charge; Neutrons: no charge; Electrons: negative charge.

  • Ionic bonds

    Formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms, creating charged ions that attract each other.

  • Covalent bonds

    Formed by sharing electrons between atoms; can be polar (unequal sharing) or nonpolar (equal sharing).

  • Hydrogen bonds

    Weak attractions between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative atom in another.

  • Polarity of water and its importance

    Water is polar, allowing it to dissolve many substances, participate in chemical reactions, and regulate temperature.

  • Types of inorganic compounds

    Water, salts, acids, and bases; these lack carbon and are essential for body functions.

  • Unique properties of water

    High heat capacity, solvent abilities, cohesion, adhesion, and participation in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.

  • pH scale range and normal blood pH

    Scale ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic); normal blood pH is about 7.35–7.45.

  • Dehydration synthesis

    Process of joining molecules by removing water, forming polymers from monomers.

  • Hydrolysis

    Breaking down molecules by adding water, splitting polymers into monomers.

  • Monomers and polymers of carbohydrates

    Monomers: monosaccharides; Polymers: disaccharides and polysaccharides.

  • Monomers and polymers of lipids

    Monomers: glycerol and fatty acids; Polymers: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids.

  • Levels of protein structure

    Primary (sequence), secondary (alpha helix/beta sheet), tertiary (3D folding), quaternary (multiple polypeptides).

  • Protein denaturation

    Loss of protein structure and function due to heat, pH changes, or chemicals.

  • Function of enzymes

    Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

  • Importance of DNA

    Contains genetic information to build proteins and regulate cellular activities.

  • Monomers of nucleic acids

    Nucleotides, composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

  • ATP and its energy storage

    ATP stores energy in high-energy phosphate bonds; energy is released when bonds are broken.

  • Phosphorylation

    Process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, often to activate or deactivate proteins.