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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide

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Termini in questo insieme (45)

  • What does anatomy study?

    Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

  • What does physiology study?

    Physiology studies the function of body parts and how they work.

  • Explain 'structure determines function' with an example.

    The shape of a body part (structure) directly affects what it can do (function). For example, the thin, flat shape of red blood cells allows them to carry oxygen efficiently.

  • List the six levels of structural organization from smallest to largest.

    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.

  • What is the most basic structural and functional unit of an organism?

    The cell is the most basic structural and functional unit.

  • Difference between tissue and organ with examples.

    Tissue is a group of similar cells performing a function (e.g., muscle tissue). An organ is made of multiple tissues working together (e.g., heart).

  • Define homeostasis.

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Why is homeostasis important?

    It is essential for health and survival because cells function optimally only within a narrow range of conditions.

  • Which two body systems monitor homeostasis extrinsically?

    The nervous and endocrine systems monitor and regulate homeostasis.

  • Name the three components of homeostatic regulation.

    Receptor (detects change), control center (processes info), effector (responds to restore balance).

  • Difference between negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

    Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain homeostasis; positive feedback amplifies a change.

  • Give an example of a negative feedback mechanism.

    Body temperature regulation: sweating to cool down when hot.

  • Give an example of a positive feedback mechanism.

    Childbirth contractions intensify until delivery.

  • Most homeostatic mechanisms are controlled by which feedback?

    Negative feedback controls most homeostatic mechanisms.

  • What is the relationship between homeostasis and disease?

    Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease or dysfunction.

  • Define anatomical position.

    Body standing upright, facing forward, feet flat, arms at sides with palms facing forward.

  • Define the directional term 'anterior'.

    Anterior means toward the front of the body.

  • Define the directional term 'proximal'.

    Proximal means closer to the point of attachment or origin.

  • What plane divides the body into right and left sides?

    The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left portions.

  • Name the four main body cavities.

    Cranial, vertebral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities.

  • What is the mediastinum and what does it contain?

    The mediastinum is the central thoracic cavity area containing the heart, trachea, esophagus, and major vessels.

  • What is a serous membrane?

    A thin membrane that lines body cavities and covers organs, producing lubricating fluid.

  • Difference between visceral and parietal serous membranes.

    Visceral membranes cover organs; parietal membranes line cavity walls.

  • What are organelles?

    Specialized intracellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell.

  • What is the function of the plasma membrane?

    It controls entry and exit of substances, provides protection, and facilitates communication.

  • What are the two main types of lipids in the plasma membrane?

    Phospholipids and cholesterol.

  • Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

    Hydrophobic means water-fearing; hydrophilic means water-loving.

  • What is the glycocalyx?

    A carbohydrate-rich coating on the cell surface involved in cell recognition and protection.

  • What is the function of mitochondria?

    Produce most of the cell's ATP, the energy currency.

  • Describe the difference between rough and smooth ER.

    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.

  • What is selective permeability of the plasma membrane?

    The membrane allows some substances to pass while blocking others.

  • Name three passive transport processes.

    Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

  • Name three active transport processes.

    Active transport pump, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

  • What is phagocytosis?

    "Cell eating" where cells engulf large particles; requires ATP.

  • What is osmosis?

    Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane; does not require ATP.

  • Define tonicity and give an example of a hypertonic solution effect on cells.

    Tonicity is the effect of a solution on cell volume; a hypertonic solution causes cells to shrink.

  • What is the difference between malignant and benign tumors?

    Malignant tumors invade and spread; benign tumors do not spread.

  • What are the four main tissue types?

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

  • What is the extracellular matrix?

    Non-cellular material in connective tissue made of ground substance and protein fibers.

  • What are the three types of protein fibers in connective tissue?

    Collagen (strongest), elastic (stretchy), and reticular (supportive).

  • What is the function of keratin in epithelial tissue?

    Keratin provides strength and waterproofing to the skin.

  • Name the layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial in thick skin.

    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.

  • What causes skin color differences?

    Amount and type of melanin pigment, blood flow, and carotene levels.

  • What is the function of sebaceous glands?

    Secrete sebum to lubricate and waterproof skin and hair.

  • What are the three main types of skin cancer?

    Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.