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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide

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Termini in questo insieme (30)

  • What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
    Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, while physiology is the study of their function and how they contribute to life-sustaining activities.
  • Name the subdivisions of anatomy.

    Surface anatomy, System anatomy, Developmental anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Macroscopic anatomy, and Regional anatomy.

  • What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
    It states that a structure's form determines its function, e.g., teeth shape allows chewing.
  • List the eleven organ systems of the body.
    Endocrine, Lymphatic, Skeletal, Cardiovascular, Nervous, Muscular, Integumentary, Digestive, Urinary, Respiratory, Reproductive.
  • Major function of the endocrine system?
    Releases hormones to regulate processes like growth.
  • Major function of the lymphatic system?
    Protects the body from harmful agents; part of the immune system.
  • Major function of the skeletal system?
    Provides body frame, stores white blood cells, and protects organs.
  • Major function of the cardiovascular system?
    Delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide.
  • Major function of the nervous system?
    Relays messages in response to internal and external changes.
  • Major function of the muscular system?
    Provides movement and generates heat.
  • Major function of the integumentary system?
    Protects against external forces and absorbs vitamin D.
  • Major function of the digestive system?
    Absorbs nutrients and eliminates indigestible matter as feces.
  • Major function of the urinary system?
    Filters blood, removes waste, and excretes urine.
  • Major function of the respiratory system?
    Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood.
  • Major function of the reproductive system?
    Produces offspring.
  • List the structural organization of the body from smallest to largest.
    Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organismal level.
  • Define homeostasis.
    The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
  • What is a negative feedback loop?
    A mechanism that reverses a change to maintain homeostasis.
  • What is a positive feedback loop?
    A mechanism that amplifies a change, often to complete a process.
  • Describe the standard anatomical position.
    Body standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.
  • What are the three major regions of a generalized cell?
    Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm.
  • Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
    A phospholipid bilayer with phosphate heads, fatty acid tails, cholesterol, carbohydrate chains (glycocalyx), and embedded proteins.
  • Functions of the plasma membrane?
    Separates intracellular and extracellular fluids, protects the cell, allows communication, selective permeability, and cell recognition.
  • Name the three types of cell junctions.
    Gap junctions, Desmosomes, Tight junctions.
  • What is simple diffusion?
    Passive movement of small, lipid-soluble molecules from high to low concentration.
  • What is facilitated diffusion?
    Passive transport of larger, non-lipid soluble molecules via transmembrane proteins.
  • What is osmosis?
    Passive movement of water from low to high solute concentration across a membrane.
  • Define active transport.
    Energy-dependent movement of substances against their concentration gradient.
  • What is vesicular transport?
    Transport using vesicles to move substances into (endocytosis) or out of (exocytosis) the cell.
  • What is ATP?
    An energy molecule produced in mitochondria used for cellular functions.