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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide (Chapters 17-19)

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  • What are the formed elements of blood?
    Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
  • Which formed elements have nuclei?
    Leukocytes have nuclei; erythrocytes lose their nucleus during maturation; platelets are cell fragments.
  • What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte and why?
    120 days because erythrocytes lack nuclei and cannot undergo mitosis.
  • What is thrombocytopenia?
    A decreased number of platelets in the blood.
  • Name the important plasma proteins and their functions.
    Albumin maintains osmotic pressure, globulins form antibodies, and fibrinogen forms fibrin during coagulation.
  • What triggers erythropoiesis?
    Lack of oxygen or increased tissue oxygen demand.
  • Which organ produces erythropoietin and where are RBCs produced?
    The kidney produces erythropoietin; RBCs are produced in the red bone marrow.
  • Which blood clotting disease is X-linked and more common in men?
    Hemophilia.
  • What leukocytes are granulocytes and which are agranulocytes?
    Granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils. Agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes.
  • What are the three steps of hemostasis?
    1. Vascular spasm: vessel constricts. 2. Platelet plug: platelets stick to injury. 3. Coagulation: fibrin threads reinforce plug.
  • What is prothrombin converted to during coagulation?
    Thrombin.
  • What is fibrinogen converted to during coagulation?
    Fibrin.
  • Where are antigens and antibodies found in blood?
    Antigens are on RBC membranes; antibodies are in the plasma.
  • Which blood type is the universal recipient and why?
    AB+ because it has all antigens and no plasma antibodies.
  • Which blood type is the universal donor and why?
    O- because RBCs have no antigens.
  • What is erythroblastosis fetalis and when does it occur?
    A condition where Rh- mother produces antibodies against Rh+ fetus during a second pregnancy, destroying fetal RBCs.
  • Where is the heart located anatomically?
    In the mediastinum, on the diaphragm surface, apex points toward the left hip.
  • What is the coronary sulcus?
    A groove between the atria and ventricles of the heart.
  • What happens if a coronary artery is blocked?
    Ischemia (lack of oxygen) to the cardiac muscle served by that artery.
  • Name the branches of the left coronary artery.
    Anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch.
  • Name the branches of the right coronary artery.
    Posterior interventricular artery and left marginal artery.
  • What valves are closed at the beginning of ventricular systole?
    Atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed.
  • What valves are closed at the beginning of ventricular diastole?
    Semilunar (SL) valves are closed.
  • What is the pacemaker of the heart?
    The sinoatrial (SA) node.
  • What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) record?
    The electrical activity of the heart.
  • What do the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave represent in an ECG?
    P wave: atrial depolarization; QRS complex: ventricular depolarization; T wave: ventricular repolarization.
  • What are the three tunics of blood vessels?
    Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia.
  • What is cardiac output and its formula?
    Amount of blood ejected per minute; \(CO=SV \times HR\).
  • How do athletes maintain normal cardiac output with low heart rate?
    They have a higher stroke volume.