Skip to main content
Indietro

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Review: Tissue and Integumentary System

I pulsanti di controllo sono stati cambiati in modalità "navigazione".
1/31

Termini in questo insieme (31)

  • What are the general tissue categories in the human body?
    Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
  • What are the apical and basal surfaces of epithelial tissue?
    The apical surface faces the body surface or lumen, often specialized for absorption or secretion. The basal surface attaches to underlying connective tissue via the basement membrane.
  • Name the main types of epithelial tissue based on cell shape.
    Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), and columnar (tall and column-shaped).
  • What are the key characteristics of simple squamous epithelium?
    Single layer of flat cells allowing rapid diffusion; found in lungs and blood vessel linings.
  • How are epithelial cells connected to underlying tissues?
    Epithelial cells connect to underlying connective tissue via the basement membrane, which includes the basal lamina and reticular lamina.
  • What are the main types of cell junctions in epithelial tissue?
    Tight junctions (seal cells), desmosomes (anchor cells), and gap junctions (allow communication).
  • What is unique about transitional epithelium?
    It can stretch and change shape, found in the urinary bladder to accommodate volume changes.
  • What is the difference between secretions through ducts and ductless secretions?
    Ducted glands (exocrine) release secretions onto surfaces; ductless glands (endocrine) release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
  • Name the types of exocrine glands by secretion method.
    Merocrine (exocytosis), apocrine (part of cell pinches off), and holocrine (whole cell disintegrates).
  • What are the types of exocrine glands by shape?
    Simple tubular, simple alveolar, compound tubular, and compound alveolar glands.
  • What tissues are considered connective tissue proper?
    Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular) and dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic).
  • Which cells build protein fibers in connective tissue?
    Fibroblasts synthesize collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.
  • What is the viscous material in areolar connective tissue?
    Ground substance rich in glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans that hold water and support cells.
  • What are the three classes of connective tissue?
    Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue (cartilage and bone), and fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph).
  • What types of immune cells are found in connective tissue?
    Macrophages, microphages, and mast cells that defend against pathogens and mediate inflammation.
  • What are the main cell types found in blood?
    Red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (immune defense), and platelets (clotting).
  • What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?
    Ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect muscle to bone.
  • Name the three types of cartilage and their functions.
    Hyaline (support and flexibility), elastic (flexible support), and fibrocartilage (shock absorption).
  • What is the most abundant portion of cartilage and bone matrix?
    Collagen fibers provide tensile strength; mineralized ground substance provides rigidity in bone.
  • What types of membranes line body cavities and organs?
    Mucous membranes line cavities open to the outside, serous membranes line closed cavities, and cutaneous membrane is the skin.
  • What are the three muscle types and their characteristics?
    Skeletal muscle (voluntary, striated), cardiac muscle (involuntary, striated, intercalated discs), and smooth muscle (involuntary, non-striated).
  • What are the steps of the inflammatory response to injury?
    Vasodilation, increased permeability, leukocyte migration, phagocytosis, and tissue repair.
  • What are the functions of the integumentary system?
    Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, and excretion.
  • What are the two main components of the integumentary system?
    Skin (epidermis and dermis) and accessory structures (hair, nails, glands).
  • What are the layers of the epidermis and their functions?
    From deep to superficial: stratum basale (cell division), stratum spinosum (strength), stratum granulosum (waterproofing), stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum (protection).
  • What is the difference between sensible and insensible perspiration?
    Sensible perspiration is sweat you can feel; insensible perspiration is water loss through skin you cannot feel.
  • What immune cells are found in the epidermis?
    Langerhans cells that detect pathogens and activate immune responses.
  • What pigments are found in the epidermis?
    Melanin (brown/black pigment), carotene (yellow-orange pigment), and hemoglobin (red pigment in blood).
  • What causes cyanosis and jaundice?
    Cyanosis is caused by low oxygen in blood, leading to blue skin; jaundice is caused by high bilirubin, leading to yellow skin.
  • What are the main types of skin cancer?
    Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
  • What are the accessory structures of the skin?
    Hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.