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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 4 Review: Nervous System and CNS

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Termini in questo insieme (27)

  • Two main cell populations forming nervous tissue
    Neurons (signal transmission) and neuroglia (supporting cells).
  • Four types of supporting cells in the CNS
    Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal cells.
  • Two types of supporting cells in the PNS
    Schwann cells (myelinate axons) and Satellite cells (support neuron cell bodies).
  • Main parts of a neuron
    Cell body, dendrites (receive signals), and axon (transmits signals).
  • Types of ion channels on neuron membranes
    Non-gated, voltage-gated, chemically-gated, and mechanically-gated channels.
  • Definition of resting membrane potential (RMP)
    The electrical potential difference across the membrane of a resting neuron, typically around \(-70\,mV\).
  • Functional and structural classifications of neurons
    Functional: sensory, motor, interneurons. Structural: multipolar, bipolar, unipolar.
  • Definition of nuclei and ganglia
    Nuclei are clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS; ganglia are clusters in the PNS.
  • Difference between white matter and grey matter
    White matter contains myelinated axons; grey matter contains neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers.
  • Anatomy and function of the myelin sheath
    Myelin sheath is a fatty layer formed by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS; it insulates axons and speeds up action potential conduction.
  • Resting membrane potential generation
    Generated by ion concentration gradients and selective permeability of the membrane, mainly via Na+/K+ pumps and leak channels.
  • Phases of an action potential
    Depolarization (Na+ channels open, membrane potential rises), repolarization (K+ channels open, membrane potential falls).
  • Difference between graded potentials and action potentials
    Graded potentials are local, vary in strength, and can summate; action potentials are all-or-none, propagate without decrement.
  • Absolute vs. relative refractory periods
    Absolute: no new AP possible; Relative: AP possible but requires stronger stimulus.
  • All-or-none phenomenon of action potentials
    An AP either occurs fully if threshold is reached or not at all; stimulus strength does not affect AP size.
  • Two major factors influencing AP conduction velocity
    Axon diameter (larger is faster) and myelination (myelinated axons conduct faster).
  • Difference between continuous and saltatory conduction
    Continuous conduction occurs in unmyelinated axons; saltatory conduction jumps between Nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons.
  • Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
    A depolarizing graded potential caused by excitatory synapses opening Na+ channels.
  • Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
    A hyperpolarizing graded potential caused by inhibitory synapses opening K+ or Cl- channels.
  • Primary brain vesicles during embryonic development
    Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, and Rhombencephalon.
  • Secondary brain vesicles and adult brain structures
    Prosencephalon divides into telencephalon (cerebrum) and diencephalon; Mesencephalon remains; Rhombencephalon divides into metencephalon (pons, cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla).
  • Ventricular system flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    Lateral ventricle > interventricular foramen > third ventricle > cerebral aqueduct > fourth ventricle > median/lateral apertures > subarachnoid space > arachnoid villi > dural venous sinus.
  • Functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    Protects brain and spinal cord, provides nutrients, removes waste, and cushions the CNS.
  • Blood-brain barrier components and function
    Formed by endothelial cells with tight junctions, astrocyte end-feet; protects brain by restricting passage of substances.
  • Three meninges surrounding brain and spinal cord
    Dura mater (outer), Arachnoid mater (middle), and Pia mater (inner).
  • Gross anatomy features of the cerebrum
    Includes gyri (ridges), sulci (grooves), fissures (deep grooves), and lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula.
  • Corpus callosum function
    A large bundle of axons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres for communication.