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Anatomy & Physiology Exam Key Topics

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • Major tissue types in the human body

    The four major tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

  • Process of epidermis development from stem cells

    Stem cells in the basal layer divide and differentiate, moving upward to form the layers of the epidermis, resulting in either thick or thin skin.

  • Difference between spongy and compact bone

    Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone is porous and found inside bones, containing marrow.

  • Major classes of muscles

    The three classes are skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated).

  • Three major sections of the nervous system

    Central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and autonomic nervous system (ANS).

  • Classes of levers in the body

    Class 1: fulcrum between effort and load; Class 2: load between fulcrum and effort; Class 3: effort between fulcrum and load.

  • Steps involved in the special sense of smell

    Odor molecules bind to receptors in the nasal epithelium, triggering nerve impulses sent to the olfactory bulb and brain.

  • Steps involved in the special sense of taste

    Taste buds detect chemicals in food, sending signals via cranial nerves to the gustatory cortex.

  • Steps involved in the special sense of sight

    Light passes through the cornea, lens focuses it on the retina, photoreceptors convert light to nerve signals sent to the brain.

  • How the heart keeps beating: electrical process

    The SA node initiates impulses, spreading through atria, then to the AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers to coordinate contraction.

  • How the heart keeps beating: muscular process

    Cardiac muscle cells contract in response to electrical signals, pumping blood through the heart chambers.

  • Major organs of the lymphatic system

    Includes lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils, and lymphatic vessels.

  • Process of lymphocyte maturation

    Lymphocytes mature in the thymus (T cells) or bone marrow (B cells) before entering circulation.

  • Basic process of digestion

    Ingestion, mechanical and chemical breakdown, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.

  • Body perception of external temperature changes

    Temperature changes are detected by sensory receptors; responses include hormonal regulation and nervous reflex arcs.

  • Differences between the three muscle tissue types

    Skeletal: voluntary, striated; Cardiac: involuntary, striated; Smooth: involuntary, non-striated.

  • Differences between male and female genitalia

    Male genitalia include testes and penis; female genitalia include ovaries, uterus, and vagina, with distinct reproductive functions.

  • Process of glomerular filtration

    Blood pressure forces plasma through the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule, starting urine formation.

  • How nephrons filter and extract nutrients

    Filtrate passes through tubules where nutrients and water are reabsorbed; waste is concentrated into urine.

  • Placentation and embryogenesis overview

    Placentation forms the placenta for nutrient exchange; embryogenesis is the development of the embryo from fertilization onward.