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Anatomy & Physiology: Form, Function, and Homeostasis

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Termini in questo insieme (26)

  • What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
    Function always reflects structure; anatomy studies body parts' structure, while physiology studies their function.
  • Name the levels of structural organization in the human body from simplest to most complex.
    Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal levels.
  • List the necessary life functions the human body must perform.
    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.
  • What are the five survival needs of the human body?
    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure.
  • What is the main function of the integumentary system?
    Protects the body, synthesizes vitamin D, houses sensory receptors, and contains sweat and oil glands.
  • What roles does the skeletal system play?
    Protection, support, movement, blood cell formation, and mineral storage.
  • What are the primary functions of the muscular system?
    Movement, posture maintenance, and heat production.
  • Describe the nervous system's main function.
    Fast-acting control system that responds to stimuli and activates muscles and glands.
  • What is the role of the endocrine system?
    Secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
  • What does the cardiovascular system do?
    Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, and wastes; the heart pumps blood.
  • What is the function of the lymphatic system?
    Returns fluid to blood, disposes of debris, and provides immunity.
  • What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
    Supplies oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, and facilitates gas exchange.
  • What does the digestive system do?
    Breaks down food for absorption and eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces.
  • What are the functions of the urinary system?
    Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
  • Define homeostasis.
    Maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external changes, achieved by dynamic equilibrium.
  • What are the three components of homeostatic control?
    Receptor (sensor), control center, and effector.
  • Explain negative feedback in homeostasis.
    Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus to restore balance, e.g., body temperature regulation.
  • What is positive feedback and give an example?
    Response enhances original stimulus, causing variable to continue in same direction; e.g., labor contractions.
  • What is the standard anatomical position?
    Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms forward, thumbs away from body.
  • Name the three main body planes.
    Sagittal (right/left), frontal (anterior/posterior), transverse (superior/inferior).
  • What are the major body cavities?
    Dorsal cavity (cranial, vertebral) and ventral cavity (thoracic, abdominopelvic).
  • What are serous membranes and their function?
    Thin double-layered membranes lining body cavities and covering organs, secreting serous fluid for lubrication.
  • What is a hiatal hernia?
    Condition where part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.
  • What is peritonitis?
    Inflammation of serous membranes in the abdominal cavity, causing pain and complications.
  • Define proximal and distal in anatomical terms.
    Proximal: closer to limb attachment; distal: farther from limb attachment.
  • What is the difference between superficial and deep?
    Superficial means toward the body surface; deep means away from the surface, more internal.