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Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals

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Termini in questo insieme (24)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of body structures and their relationships.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the science of how body parts function.

  • What are the major subdivisions of anatomy?

    Gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and developmental anatomy.

  • Why is anatomical terminology important?

    It is essential for studying anatomy precisely and communicating about body structures.

  • What does physiology typically study?

    The functioning of specific organs or organ systems, such as cardiovascular or renal physiology.

  • What principle explains the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

    The complementarity of structure and function: what a body can do depends on the unique architecture of its parts.

  • List the levels of structural organization in the body from simplest to most complex.

    Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal levels.

  • Name the 11 organ systems of the human body.

    Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

  • What vital functional activities are necessary for life?

    Maintenance of boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

  • What are the survival needs of the human body?

    Nutrients, water, oxygen, appropriate temperature, and atmospheric pressure.

  • What is homeostasis?

    A dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment necessary for health.

  • Which body systems are most important for maintaining homeostasis?

    The nervous and endocrine systems.

  • What are the three elements of homeostatic control mechanisms?

    Receptor(s), control center, and effector(s).

  • How do negative feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis?

    They reduce the effect of the original stimulus to restore balance.

  • Give examples of physiological parameters regulated by negative feedback.

    Body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and depth, and blood glucose levels.

  • What is the role of positive feedback mechanisms?

    They intensify the initial stimulus, enhancing the response, such as in blood clotting and labor contractions.

  • What happens to homeostatic control with aging?

    Negative feedback efficiency declines, contributing to certain disease conditions.

  • Describe the anatomical position.

    Body erect, facing forward, feet slightly apart, arms at sides with palms facing forward.

  • What are some common directional terms in anatomy?

    Superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, ventral/dorsal, medial/lateral, intermediate, proximal/distal, superficial/deep.

  • What are the major body planes used to section the body?

    Sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse planes.

  • Name the two major closed body cavities.

    Dorsal cavity (cranial and spinal) and ventral cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic).

  • What organs are contained in the thoracic cavity?

    The heart and lungs.

  • What membranes line the ventral body cavity and organs?

    Parietal serosa lines cavity walls; visceral serosa covers organs; both produce fluid to reduce friction.

  • How is the abdominopelvic cavity subdivided?

    Into nine regions by four planes or four quadrants by two planes.