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Anatomy & Physiology: Histology and Tissue Types

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Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • What is tissue in anatomy?
    Tissue is a group of structurally and functionally related cells and their extracellular environment that together perform common functions.
  • What are the four primary tissue types?
    1. Epithelial tissues: sheets of tightly packed cells covering surfaces and forming glands. 2. Connective tissues: connect, support, and protect other tissues. 3. Muscular tissues: contract to generate force. 4. Nervous tissues: generate and transmit electrical signals.
  • What are the two main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
    Ground substance (gel-like with fluid and macromolecules) and protein fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers).
  • What is the function of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the ECM?
    GAGs are negatively charged polysaccharides that attract positively charged ions and water, helping the ECM resist compression.
  • Describe the three types of protein fibers in the ECM.
    Collagen fibers: strong, resist tension. Elastic fibers: stretch and recoil. Reticular fibers: thin collagen forming supportive webs.
  • What is Marfan Syndrome and its effect on connective tissue?
    A genetic disorder causing defective fibrillin-1 glycoprotein, leading to malfunctioning elastic fibers and symptoms like tall stature, skeletal abnormalities, and risk of aortic rupture.
  • Name and describe the three types of cell junctions.
    Tight junctions: seal cells to prevent passage. Desmosomes: link cells to distribute mechanical stress. Gap junctions: allow small molecules to pass between cells.
  • What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?
    Protection, immune defense, secretion, selective transport, and sensation.
  • What are the components of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
    The basal lamina (collagen fibers and ground substance from epithelium) and the reticular lamina (reticular fibers and ground substance from connective tissue).
  • How are epithelia classified by cell layers and shape?
    By layers: Simple (one layer), Stratified (multiple layers), Pseudostratified (single layer appearing multilayered). By shape: Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube-shaped), Columnar (tall).
  • Where is simple squamous epithelium found and what is its function?
    Found in air sacs of lungs, blood vessel linings; allows rapid diffusion and filtration.
  • What distinguishes pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
    Single layer of cells with nuclei at different heights, often ciliated, includes mucus-secreting goblet cells; found in respiratory tract.
  • What are the two main types of transport across simple epithelia?
    Paracellular transport: substances pass between cells. Transcellular transport: substances pass through cells via active or passive means.
  • What are the characteristics of stratified squamous epithelium?
    Multiple layers with flat cells at the surface; keratinized type forms skin surface, nonkeratinized lines moist surfaces like mouth and vagina.
  • What are the three modes of secretion in exocrine glands?
    Merocrine: secretion by exocytosis. Holocrine: secretion by cell rupture. Apocrine: secretion with cytoplasm pinched off.
  • What are the main functions of connective tissue?
    Connecting and binding tissues, support, protection, and transport of substances.
  • Name the main cell types in connective tissue proper and their functions.
    Fibroblasts: produce fibers and ground substance. Adipocytes: store fat. Mast cells: release inflammatory mediators. Phagocytes: engulf foreign particles.
  • What distinguishes loose (areolar) connective tissue?
    Gel-like ground substance with all three fiber types and various cells; supports and houses blood vessels beneath epithelium.
  • What is the difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?
    Dense regular has collagen fibers aligned parallel to resist tension in one direction; dense irregular has fibers arranged randomly to resist tension in multiple directions.
  • What are the functions and characteristics of adipose tissue?
    Stores energy, insulates, cushions organs; composed mainly of adipocytes with large lipid inclusions.
  • What are the three types of cartilage and their locations?
    Hyaline cartilage: fetal skeleton, nose, respiratory tract. Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs, fibrous joints. Elastic cartilage: external ear, larynx.
  • What cells are involved in bone tissue and their roles?
    Osteoblasts: build bone. Osteocytes: maintain bone. Osteoclasts: resorb bone.
  • What are the three types of muscle tissue and their characteristics?
    Skeletal muscle: voluntary, multinucleated, striated. Cardiac muscle: involuntary, branched, striated, with intercalated discs. Smooth muscle: involuntary, nonstriated, found in hollow organs.
  • What are the main cell types in nervous tissue?
    Neurons: generate and transmit electrical signals. Neuroglial cells: support and protect neurons.
  • What are the four general types of membranes in the body?
    Serous, Synovial, Mucous, and Cutaneous membranes.
  • What is the difference between true membranes and membrane-like structures?
    True membranes do not open to the outside and include serous and synovial membranes; membrane-like structures open to the outside and include mucous and cutaneous membranes.
  • What are the two main processes of tissue repair?
    Regeneration: replacement with same cell type. Fibrosis: replacement with scar tissue (dense irregular connective tissue).
  • Which tissues typically regenerate and which heal by fibrosis?
    Epithelial and most connective tissues regenerate; cartilage, cardiac and skeletal muscle generally heal by fibrosis; neurons rarely regenerate.