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Anatomy & Physiology: Human Body Orientation

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Termini in questo insieme (32)

  • Difference between anatomy and physiology

    Anatomy is the study of structure, while physiology is the study of function.

  • Principle of complementarity of structure and function

    Structure determines function, and function reflects structure.

  • Gross anatomy vs microscopic anatomy

    Gross anatomy studies structures visible without a microscope; microscopic anatomy studies tissues and cells (histology and cytology).

  • Levels of structural organization in the human body

    Atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism.

  • What is the anatomical reference body?

    A standardized model of an average healthy adult used for anatomical study; variation is common but extreme variation is rare.

  • Key organ systems for protection and support

    Integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems provide protection and support.

  • Organ systems involved in communication

    Nervous and endocrine systems coordinate communication within the body.

  • Organ systems responsible for transport and immunity

    Cardiovascular and lymphatic/immune systems handle transport and immune defense.

  • Organ systems involved in exchange processes

    Respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems manage exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste.

  • Organ systems for reproduction

    Male and female reproductive systems enable reproduction.

  • Characteristics of life

    Maintaining boundaries, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction.

  • Survival needs of the human body

    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

  • Definition of homeostasis

    Maintaining a stable internal environment or dynamic equilibrium; failure leads to disease.

  • Components of homeostatic control

    Receptor detects stimulus → control center integrates and sets response → effector carries out response.

  • Difference between negative and positive feedback loops

    Negative feedback reverses changes to maintain set point; positive feedback amplifies changes to an endpoint.

  • Examples of negative feedback

    Thermoregulation and blood glucose regulation.

  • Examples of positive feedback

    Childbirth (oxytocin release) and blood clotting.

  • Anatomical position

    Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

  • Directional terms: superior vs inferior

    Superior means above; inferior means below.

  • Directional terms: anterior vs posterior

    Anterior (ventral) means front; posterior (dorsal) means back.

  • Directional terms: medial, lateral, intermediate

    Medial toward the midline; lateral away from midline; intermediate between two structures.

  • Directional terms: proximal vs distal

    Proximal closer to the origin of a limb; distal farther from the origin.

  • Directional terms: superficial vs deep

    Superficial toward the body surface; deep away from the surface.

  • Directional terms: ipsilateral vs contralateral

    Ipsilateral same side of the body; contralateral opposite side.

  • Common body regions terminology

    Cephalic (head), cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), abdominal, pelvic, etc.

  • Abdominopelvic quadrants

    Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ).

  • Abdominopelvic nine regions

    Right/left hypochondriac, epigastric; right/left lumbar, umbilical; right/left inguinal, hypogastric.

  • Anatomical planes and sections

    Sagittal (midsagittal vs parasagittal), frontal/coronal, transverse, oblique planes; sections are cuts along these planes.

  • Body cavities: dorsal vs ventral

    Dorsal cavity includes cranial and vertebral cavities; ventral cavity includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

  • Subdivisions of the thoracic cavity

    Pleural cavities (lungs), mediastinum, and pericardial cavity (heart).

  • Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions

    Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity; the peritoneal cavity surrounds many abdominal organs.

  • Definition of retroperitoneal

    Organs located behind the peritoneum, such as the kidneys.