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Anatomy & Physiology: Human Body Orientation and Terminology

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What is anatomy?
    Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body, including gross (macroscopic), microscopic, and developmental subdivisions.
  • What is physiology?
    Physiology is the study of the function of the body, often focusing on organ systems and cellular or molecular levels.
  • What is the principle of complementarity in anatomy and physiology?
    Anatomy and physiology are inseparable; function always reflects structure, meaning what a structure can do depends on its specific form.
  • List the levels of structural organization in the human body.
    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organismal levels.
  • Name the necessary life functions.
    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.
  • What is homeostasis?
    Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous environmental changes; a dynamic state of equilibrium.
  • What are the components of a homeostatic control mechanism?
    Receptor (sensor), Control center, and Effector.
  • Describe negative feedback.
    A response that reduces or shuts off the original stimulus, maintaining balance, e.g., regulation of body temperature.
  • Describe positive feedback.
    A response that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, often controlling infrequent events like labor contractions.
  • What is the standard anatomical position?
    Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.
  • Define the terms 'superior' and 'inferior'.
    Superior means toward the head or upper part; Inferior means away from the head or lower part of a structure.
  • Define the terms 'anterior (ventral)' and 'posterior (dorsal)'.
    Anterior (ventral) means toward or at the front of the body; Posterior (dorsal) means toward or at the back of the body.
  • What are the three major body planes?
    Sagittal plane (divides body into right and left), Frontal (coronal) plane (divides body into anterior and posterior), and Transverse (horizontal) plane (divides body into superior and inferior).
  • What is the difference between midsagittal and parasagittal planes?
    Midsagittal lies on the midline dividing body into equal halves; parasagittal is offset from the midline.
  • Name the two main body cavities.
    Dorsal body cavity (cranial and vertebral cavities) and Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities).
  • What organs are housed in the thoracic cavity?
    The heart and lungs, within pleural cavities and pericardial cavity inside the mediastinum.
  • What organs are found in the abdominopelvic cavity?
    Abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver; pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.
  • What is the function of serous membranes?
    Thin double-layered membranes that line body cavities and cover organs, secreting serous fluid to reduce friction.
  • What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?
    Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Right lower quadrant (RLQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), Left lower quadrant (LLQ).
  • What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?
    Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric, right and left lumbar, umbilical, right and left iliac (inguinal), and hypogastric (pubic) regions.