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Anatomy & Physiology: Intro to Physiology, Cells, and Tissues

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Define Physiology

    Physiology is the study of the functions and processes of living organisms and their parts.

  • Relationship between Physiology and Anatomy

    Anatomy studies structure, while physiology studies function; both are interrelated as structure often determines function.

  • Levels of Organization from Atoms to Biosphere

    Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere.

  • Name the 10 Physiological Organ Systems

    Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive systems.

  • Define Homeostasis

    Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • What Happens When Homeostasis Fails?

    Failure leads to disease or death due to loss of internal stability and impaired function.

  • Two Major Fluid Compartments of the Body

    Intracellular fluid (ICF) inside cells and extracellular fluid (ECF) outside cells, including plasma and interstitial fluid.

  • Difference Between Equilibrium and Steady State

    Equilibrium means no net change and no energy use; steady state means constant conditions maintained by energy input.

  • Why Homeostasis Does Not Equal Equilibrium

    Homeostasis maintains steady state with energy use, not equilibrium, which is a passive, energy-free balance.

  • Regulated Variables and Setpoints in Homeostasis

    Regulated variables are controlled factors (e.g., temperature); setpoints are target values for these variables.

  • Two Basic Types of Control Mechanisms

    Local control acts at the tissue level; reflex control involves distant organs via nervous or endocrine systems.

  • Three Components of a Control System

    Input signal (sensor), integrating center (control center), and output signal (effector).

  • Difference Between Response Loop and Feedback Loop

    A response loop is a simple input-output system; a feedback loop uses the output to modify the input.

  • Three Types of Feedback Loops

    Negative feedback reverses a change, positive feedback amplifies a change, and feedforward control anticipates changes.

  • Major Body Cavities and Compartments

    Include dorsal (cranial, spinal) and ventral (thoracic, abdominal) cavities; compartments separated by membranes or barriers.

  • Four Functions of the Cell Membrane

    Physical isolation, regulation of exchange, sensitivity to environment, and structural support.

  • Fluid Mosaic Model Components

    Phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates; each contributes to membrane fluidity and function.

  • Functions of Organelles in Animal Cells

    Examples: nucleus (genetic control), mitochondria (energy production), ER (protein/lipid synthesis), Golgi (processing), lysosomes (digestion).

  • Define Tissues

    Tissues are groups of similar cells performing a common function.

  • Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Structure and Function

    ECM consists of proteins and polysaccharides; provides structural support and biochemical signaling.

  • Three Functional Categories of Cell Junctions

    Tight junctions (seal), desmosomes (anchor), and gap junctions (communication).

  • Four Primary Tissue Types

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues; differ in structure and function but all essential for body function.

  • Five Functional Classes of Epithelial Tissue

    Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, and pseudostratified columnar; differ in cell shape and layers.

  • Seven Main Categories of Connective Tissue

    Loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood, adipose, and lymph; vary in fiber type, cell type, and ground substance.

  • Three Types of Muscle Tissue

    Skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated).

  • Two Cell Types in Nervous Tissue

    Neurons (signal transmission) and glial cells (support and protection).

  • Differences Between Apoptosis and Necrosis

    Apoptosis is programmed cell death; necrosis is uncontrolled cell death causing inflammation.

  • Stem Cell Potency Types

    Totipotent (all cell types), pluripotent (most cell types), multipotent (limited cell types).

  • Define Organs

    Organs are structures composed of multiple tissue types working together for specific functions.