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Anatomy & Physiology Introductory Concepts

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • What is Anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.

  • What is Physiology?

    Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities.

  • How are Anatomy and Physiology related?

    Function always reflects structure; the form of a body part determines its function. This is known as the principle of complementarity of structure and function.

  • Name the major branches of Gross Anatomy.

    Surface Anatomy, Regional Anatomy, Systemic Anatomy, Developmental Anatomy, Clinical Anatomy.

  • Name the major branches of Microscopic Anatomy.

    Cytology (study of cells) and Histology (study of tissues).

  • What are the main branches of Physiology?

    Cell Physiology, Organ Physiology, Systemic Physiology, Pathological Physiology.

  • What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?

    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organism levels.

  • Define the Chemical level of organization.

    Atoms combine to form molecules which form complex shapes; form determines function.

  • Define the Cellular level of organization.

    Cells are made up of molecules and contain organelles that perform specific functions.

  • Define the Tissue level of organization.

    A group of similar cells working together to perform one or more specific functions.

  • Define the Organ level of organization.

    A group of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions.

  • Define the Organ System level of organization.

    A group of organs interacting to perform a specific body function.

  • Define the Organism level of organization.

    The highest level where all organ systems work together to maintain life and health.

  • List the 11 major organ systems of the human body.

    Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive systems.

  • What is the function of the Integumentary system?

    Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous receptors and glands.

  • What is the function of the Skeletal system?

    Protects and supports body organs, provides a framework for muscles, forms blood cells, and stores minerals.

  • What is the function of the Muscular system?

    Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture, and produces heat.

  • What is the function of the Nervous system?

    Fast-acting control system that responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands.

  • What is the function of the Endocrine system?

    Secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells.

  • What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?

    Transports blood carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and other substances; the heart pumps blood.

  • What is the anatomical position?

    Body erect, feet slightly apart, arms at sides, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body; used as a reference for directional terms.

  • Define Superior and Inferior directional terms.

    Superior: Toward the head or upper part of a structure.
    Inferior: Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure.

  • Define Anterior and Posterior directional terms.

    Anterior: Toward or at the front of the body.
    Posterior: Toward or at the back of the body.

  • Define Medial, Lateral, and Intermediate directional terms.

    Medial: Toward the midline.
    Lateral: Away from the midline.
    Intermediate: Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.

  • Define Proximal and Distal directional terms.

    Proximal: Closer to the origin of a body part.
    Distal: Farther from the origin of a body part.

  • What are the three main body planes?

    Sagittal (divides body into left and right), Frontal/Coronal (divides body into anterior and posterior), Transverse (divides body into superior and inferior).

  • What are the two main body cavities?

    Dorsal body cavity (cranial and vertebral cavities) and Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities).

  • What organs are contained in the thoracic cavity?

    Lungs, heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels.

  • What organs are contained in the abdominopelvic cavity?

    Abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, spleen, intestines.
    Pelvic cavity: bladder, reproductive organs, rectum.