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Anatomy & Physiology: Joints and Movements

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Termini in questo insieme (25)

  • What are the two main classification schemes for joints?
    Structural (fibrous, cartilaginous, bony, synovial) and functional (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis).
  • Define synarthrosis and give examples.
    An immovable joint; examples include sutures, gomphosis, synchondrosis, and synostosis.
  • What is a gomphosis joint?
    A fibrous joint that binds teeth to bony sockets via the periodontal ligament.
  • Describe amphiarthrosis joints and their types.
    Slightly movable joints stronger than diarthrosis; types include syndesmosis (ligament connection) and symphysis (fibrocartilage connection).
  • What are synovial joints and their key features?
    Freely movable joints with a joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage covering bone surfaces.
  • List the primary functions of synovial fluid.
    Lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption.
  • Name accessory structures that stabilize synovial joints.
    Cartilages (menisci), fat pads, ligaments, tendons, and bursae.
  • What is the function of menisci in synovial joints?
    Fibrocartilage pads that improve fit between bones and stabilize the joint.
  • Define gliding movement with an example.
    Sliding of flat bone surfaces past each other; example: between carpal bones.
  • Explain flexion and extension movements.
    Flexion decreases the angle between bones; extension increases the angle.
  • What is circumduction?
    A circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction without rotation.
  • Describe rotational movements and their types.
    Rotation is turning around a longitudinal axis; types include medial (internal) and lateral (external) rotation.
  • What are pronation and supination?
    Pronation rotates the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly; supination turns the palm anteriorly.
  • Define inversion and eversion of the foot.
    Inversion twists the sole medially; eversion twists the sole laterally.
  • What is opposition in hand movements?
    Movement of the thumb toward the palm or other fingers.
  • List the six types of synovial joints.
    Plane, hinge, condylar, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket joints.
  • Describe the structure and function of intervertebral discs.
    Discs separate vertebral bodies; anulus fibrosus is tough outer fibrocartilage, nucleus pulposus is elastic core absorbing shocks.
  • What causes a herniated disc?
    Nucleus pulposus breaks through the anulus fibrosus, compressing spinal nerves.
  • Name the major ligaments stabilizing the knee joint.
    Patellar ligament, popliteal ligaments, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, tibial and fibular collateral ligaments.
  • What is the glenoid labrum in the shoulder joint?
    A rim of fibrocartilage that deepens the glenoid cavity and stabilizes the shoulder joint.
  • List the muscles of the rotator cuff.
    Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
  • What ligaments support the hip joint?
    Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, transverse acetabular, and ligament of the femoral head.
  • What are common age-related joint problems?
    Osteoarthritis (wear and tear), rheumatoid arthritis (autoimmune), and gouty arthritis (uric acid crystals).
  • How does joint immobilization affect joints?
    Reduces synovial fluid flow, causing stiffness and symptoms similar to arthritis.
  • How do other body systems interact with the skeletal system?
    Muscles attach to bones; endocrine system controls bone growth; digestive and urinary systems supply minerals.